Displaying: 1-6 of 6 documents

Show/Hide alternate language

0.046 sec

1. Studia Philosophica: Volume > 62 > Issue: 2
Pavel Materna Pavel Materna
Logical Analysis of Natural Language as an Organic Part of Logic
Logická analýza přirozeného jazyka jakožto organická součást logiky

abstract | view |  rights & permissions
There are two kinds of logical errors. Either you use a non-valid scheme of an argument or your analysis of the premises is mistaken. No extensional or intensional theory can solve the following problem connected with analyzing NL expressions: The Leibniz principle of substituting identical for identical contains the condition a = b. Extensional as well as intensional systems (at least if intensions are defined as functions from possible worlds) analyzing this condition as formulated in natural language are happy if a is contingently or logically or analytically equivalent with b, while this may be insufficient for applying Leibniz. Examples are adduced that show the absurdity of applying Leibniz in such cases. A following remedy is thinkable: one could try to formulate some axioms or perhaps meta-formulated rules that would eliminate the critical cases. This would mean however that a new theory came into being just to shield us from incorrectly applying Leibniz rule. Instead a procedural analysis of NL expressions is offered that makes it possible to unambiguously determine their sense and so their denotation in such a way that the above mentioned critical cases cannot set in. It is shown that the hyperintensional system defined by Transparent intensional logic is able to generally solve the main problems connected with using NL expressions.
2. Studia Philosophica: Volume > 62 > Issue: 2
Rostislav Niederle Rostislav Niederle
Realism in Art: A Short Note
Realismus v umění: krátká poznámka

abstract | view |  rights & permissions
Art has been considered in one way or another to be in close relation to truth. The goal of each and every author is and has been to relay something vital regarding the world, to express a kind of truth. Most likely no artist has ever wanted intentionally to lie. A work of art that speaks truth is normally described as a realistic one. Does this mean that the concept of realism as something expressing truth is related to all works of art? Is realism a trivial concept? The goal of this paper is to attempt to clarify the concept of artistic realism in a simple way. To begin, some thoughts about artistic realism are introduced. In the following parts, e. g. a brief attempt to clarify realism based on possible worlds semantics is made. It is stated that the more true a representation is, the less informative it is. The most realistic work wouldn’t in conclusion say anything. So, the possible world semantics is found to be not proper tool for our goal. Finally, a proposal for a natural concept of artistic realism as a meaningful component of a critics’ vocabulary is proposed.
3. Studia Philosophica: Volume > 62 > Issue: 1
Bronislav Stupňánek Bronislav Stupňánek
Anaximander’s πρηστῆρος αὐλός
Anaximandrův πρηστῆρος αὐλός

abstract | view |  rights & permissions
The word πρηστήρ creates confusion and controversy almost wherever it occurs. Its lexicon entry in LSJ has been revised several times but it is still not very helpful. Lack of clarity of the expression also lies in the fact that it describes tornadic, fiery, and luminous meteorological phenomena. A recent discussion about the term πρηστῆρος αὐλός in Anaximander raised this issue again. This study clarifies the meaning of πρηστῆρος αὐλός, as well as the word πρηστήρ, on the basis of examination of all known occurrences of this word. The study excludes the meaning “bellows”, the meaning “lightning” is confirmed rather for the late texts, the basic meaning “tornado” is typical especially for authors dealing with marine navigation and meteorology. Πρηστῆρος αὐλός is the funnel of a tornado. Based on current knowledge of meteorology (with regard to the Greek region), it is also explained why a tornado was often seen as fiery.
4. Studia Philosophica: Volume > 66 > Issue: 1
Andrej Kalaš Andrej Kalaš
The Problem of Truth, Happiness and Self-Refutation in the Philosophical Viewpoint of the World by Pyrrho of Elis
Problém pravdy, blaženosti a sebavyvrátenia vo filozofickom pohľade na svet u Pyrrhóna z Elidy

abstract | view |  rights & permissions
This paper attempts to explore the concept of truth, human happiness and the related prob­lem of self-refutation in the philosophical viewpoint of the world by Pyrrho of Elis. I argue that according to the so-called metaphysical interpretation of Pyrrho, the reason for our radical incompetence when it comes to knowledge is not our cognitive inability to grasp the truth, but rather the very nature of things of the world. I provide an alternative philosophical interpretation which is based on a philological conjecture in the preserved textual source. I then point out a surprising connection between this radical attitude and the achievement of human happiness, which constitutes the ultimate goal of Pyrrho’s philosophy. Finally, I pres­ent a possible solution to the problem of self-refutation, which is in a sense a challenge for radical Pyrrhonian agnosticism. By this paper, I endeavour to show how bizarre could be the image of the world viewed by the prism of radical skepticism of the early Pyrrhonism. Nev­ertheless, it is a world, wherein the philosopher vindicates his/her eudaimonia and defends the logical consistency of one’s own claims.
5. Studia Philosophica: Volume > 66 > Issue: 2
Zlatica Plašienkova, Oksana Slobodian Zlatica Plašienkova
Some ethical-religious views of Nikolai O. Lossky and Eugene V. Spektorsky (searching for thought parallels)
Niektoré eticko-náboženské názory Nikolaja O. Losského a Jevgenija V. Spektorského (hľadaní myšlienkových paralel)

abstract | view |  rights & permissions
Two famous Russian thinkers Nikolai O. Lossky (1870–1965) and E. Vasilievich Spektorsky (1875–1951) had a lot in common: both were talented intellectuals, lecturers and authors of many works on philosophy, history of philosophy, culture, politics and literature; both had to leave Russia and settle down abroad, and continue academic and creative activities in foreign environments. All these factors contributed to their friendly and intellectual communication which we want to pay attention to in this article. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate similarities in how Lossky and Spektorsky formulated and addressed ethical issues on the grounding of Christianity and Christian-based philosophy. Thus, we have chosen several aspects of their ethical systems which are crucial for understanding the way of their moral thinking and which are representative in terms of comparison of these two authors: general philosophical positions, grounding ethics in Christianity, absolute basis of ethics and the way it can be cognized, human freedom, motives and goals of moral behavior, and moral evolution and the perspectives of humanity.
6. Studia Philosophica: Volume > 69 > Issue: 2
Victor Olusola Olanipekun Victor Olusola Olanipekun
Between Divine Right Monarchy and Natural Freedom of Mankind
Mezi monarchií založenou na božím právu a přirozenou svobodou lidstva

abstract | view |  rights & permissions
The paper examines Robert Filmer’s arguments in defence of the divine right of kings in Patriarcha, or The Natural Power of Kings. Filmer argues that human beings are not born free by nature and, as a result, are expected to obey the kings/monarchs absolutely with­out questioning, due to the arbitrary power and the divine right bestowed upon the kings. This position defended by Filmer is antithetical to the notion of natural freedom of mankind defended by John Locke and other social contract theorists. Contrary to Filmer’s view, this paper suggests that Filmer exaggerated the power of kings. In this paper, I wish to critically examine Filmer’s arguments with which he supported his claim. The paper argues against Filmer’s divine right monarchy for the following reasons: (i) it lacks rational justification, (ii) it was founded on misinterpretation of the scriptures, and (iii) it fails to address the athe­ists’ question. In the final analysis, the paper concludes with the argument that the question of mutual exclusivity of the concepts in the discussion rests upon manifest misinterpreta­tions of divine right and the natural freedom of mankind.