Philosophy has two tasks which are in principle beyond the scope of the positive Sciences. 1) It can clarify the distinctiveness of and interconnections among the several domains of scientific work. Husserlian phenomenology provides a fruitful formulation of the issues involved in this task. 2) It can bring to light a dimension of thought which transcends both the Sciences and any critical theory of scientific knowledge. In discharging this second task, philosophy does not proceed by way of reasons properly so called. Rather, in Heidegger's terms, it involves meditative thinking.

The general definition of the norms serves as an initial basis for the analysis. Different kinds of social norms are enumerated: customs, traditions, aesthetic, religious and organizational norms etc... As a base for the analysis the specificity of both morality and law is put forward. The process of interaction of ideological with technological norms is basically different from this one being carried out within the ideological sphere. This conclusion comes from the specificity of technological norms which in principle are deprived of any ideological nature: they do not reflect general social (dass, group, etc.) interests as such.

Under the conditions of the present world development, the knowledge on war and peace makes up a necessary, historically concrete element of an outlook. It exists at the three levels: spontaneous notions within the framework of day-today consciousness; Propaganda conceptions of not scientific ideology; systematized scientific theoretical knowledge. Decisive role in the development of the problem of war and peace, in the integration of a scientific outlook are performed by the theory of Marxism-Leninism.

Ich möchte zeigen, daß die Grundstruktur humaner Selbsterhaltung (l) als Differenz von 'natürlicher' und radikal 'freier' Selbsterhaltung gegeben ist, (2) als Differenzbewußtsein im Sachverhalt einer unumgänglichen Freiheitsfiktion vorliegt und dabei (3) als quasi-transzendentale Bedingung des menschlich-bewußten Lebens fungiert. Die Herausforderung der Philosophie durch die moderne Biologie scheint mir damit von der Art, daß die Philosophie in erster Linie zu einer Transformation ihrer Freiheitsbegriffe aufgefordert ist. Der Beitrag skizziert einen solchen Transformationsvorschlag.

Concerning the scientific mode of thought, Heidegger remarks in Über den Humanismus, "Science appears, thought disappears." He stresses the crucial importance of non-logical, non-scientific modes of thought. But the question must be asked whether in so doing his thought is not delivered over to irrationalism, the domination of blind instinct, and ultimately to incommunicability. This paper suggests that this is not at all the case and that in stressing the importance of non-logical, non-scientific modes of thought, especially the poetic and philosophical, that his thought provides a most useful corrective to the domination and exclusivity which the scientific mode enjoys in our Contemporary world.

Understanding of the laws of social life gave an opportunity to develop a System of scientific anticipation which is especially important for social life. Scientific and technological progress which achieved starting the middle of the present Century the level of scientific and technological revolution helped scientific anticipation with a large complex of empirical methods which comprised various Systems of scientific forecasting. If done on the basis of right world-out-look, the forecasting can give a good effect for research of perspectives in Science, technology, social life, international relations, etc.

The Vanishing of the End: Reflections on Teleology in Science and Philosophy. — The discarding of teleological explanations by modern Science vividly illustrates the Whiteheadian view that Science is abstract not only in its conceptualization but also in the selectivity of its interest in details of nature. But philosophy, taken as speculative metaphysics, attempts abstractly to understand nature in its concreteness, omitting nothing, including its drive toward ends.

The report represents a substantiation of the world Outlook significance of the idea of extraterrestrial life. The consideration of views of prominent scientists indicates that in the modern System of knowledge the problem of life in the Universe is connected with the application of the dialectical principle of development which provides the substantiation for the idea of extraterrestrial life, fulfils the methodological function in a concrete experimental research aimed at discovering life on other cosmic bodies and forms the general tasks of such research.

Kants Wissenschaftstheorie stellt eine Reflexion über die zwei Grundrichtungen der damaligen Philosophie dar: Mechanismus und Teleologie. Diese Fragestellung ist immer noch von großer Aktualität. Die Weise, wie Kant die wissenschaftliche Rationalität anfaßt, läßt diese Problematik im Horizont des Verhältnisses zwischen Geschichte und System sehen - eine heute unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten behandelte Thematik.

In animals as well as in men the re take place a social organization's process which classes different individuals of the same species inside or outside of a certain category. Such a social categorization's process can be carried out by the territorial behavior distinguishing individuals which are, from those which are not "authorized" to occupy a given territory; or by the signalizing behavior distinguishing individuals within a given category. The human specificity does not consist in the fact itself of such kind of social Organization but in its structure which is not in men genetically determined.

Die Frage nach einer möglichen eigenen Wahrheit der Philosophie kann nicht die Bedeutung von 'wahr' (den Wahrheitsbegriff) betreffen, sondern höchstens die Wahrheitsk riterien. Unter diesem Aspekt werden einige repräsentative Philosophiebegriffe untersucht, mit dem Ergebnis, daß es zumindest problematisch ist, von einer der Philosophie eigenen Wahrheit zu sprechen. Abschließend werden einige Überlegungen zur Fragwürdigkeit eines einheitlichen Philosophiebegriffs sowie ein Vorschlag zur Lokalisierung der Philosophie im Feld zwischen Alltagserkenntnis und Wissenschaft vorgebracht.

The study examines the possibilities of the perception of technology and its structure. The autor emphasizes the role and the importance of subjective side. He examines the object of the perception, in the relation between subject and object, criticising the fetishized concept of it. He analyses the role of the condition / and obstacles /, the methods-ways, efficiency, means of technology. The aim of the research is to establish an up-to-date way of life. The "technological alienation" is emphasized in the paper.

Consciousness encompasses every aspect of knowledge, the widest universe of discourse. An active principle, consciousness involves the cogito. Consciousness distorts everyday experience, both vision and thought by placing the observer in the center of space and time often with disastrous results. Consciousness implies purpose and value. Consciousness, like light, extends far beyond the visible Spectrum.

Auch bürgerliche Neurophysiologen und Psychologen halten die Hirnäbhangigkeit des Denkens als unwiderlegbar erwiesene Tatsache. Autoren, die diese Auffassung vertreten, definieren das neuronale Geschehen als notwendige, aber nicht hinreichende Bedingung von Bewußtsein und Denken. Grundsätzliche Mängel der von ihnen aufgestellten spekulativ-idealistischen Hypothesen über die Natur dieser hinreichenden Bedingungen und die weltanschaulichen Implikationen oben genannter Tatsache der Hirnabhängigkeit des Denkens werden diskutiert. In neun Thesen wird die mögliche Richtung, in der eine solche Hypothese vom Standpunkt des dialektischen und historischen Materialismus aufstellbar ist, skizziert.

I argue that one of the regulative ideas of genetic engineering is self-contradictory. I first examine the regulative idea of "progress" and show that genetics as a Science requires what I call technological progress and at the same time genetics as evolutionary theory requires what I call natural progress. If there is to be progress in genetic engineering, then it must progress in both of these senses. These two concepts of progress, however, are mutually exclusive. Consequently there can be no progress in the Science of genetics. I then suggest that this problem can be extended to any Science which employs teleological explanation.

The 1975 publication of E.O. Wilson's massive study Sociobiology by Harvard University Press has had a major impact on the American intellectual Community. Since this book explicitly deals with ethics, and since few philosophers have yet responded to it, this paper provides a brief sketch of the central thesis of sociobiology. A preliminary account of some of the possible implications of this emerging scientific discipline for both meta-ethics and normative ethics is then offered.

An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the specificity of the present-day controversy on universals. In conclusion, the author indicates that dialectical materialism does not deny abstractions, including abstractions of high levels, and positively appraises nominalistic analyses as a means for substantiating abstract and hypothetical knowledge, as a means for disclosing constructive substance in unconstructive theories.

Die Moral schließt einen Erkenntnisgehalt in sich ein, aber nur als Ausgangspunkt. Sie bildet eine der Formen praktisch-geistiger Aneignung der Welt; die sich in ihr ausdrückenden objektiven Bedürfnisse nehmen die Gestalt von Handlungsvorschriften an. Die moralische Forderung tritt als Einheit von Wert und Sollen auf. Die imperativische Bewußtseinsform realisiert die Wertvorstellungen des tätigen Subjekts oder, andererseits, die wertende Beziehung auf die Wirklichkeit nimmt die Gestalt des Imperativischen an.

In this paper I attempt to show that the scientific-technological revolution has produced many social changes some of which have had dehumanizing effects. To redirect Science and technology neither the scientist nor the technologist has the tools. What is needed is the philosopher and phiiosophy which can give a focus to Science and technology . For only one who can bring together the true, the useful and the good into harmony can re-instate man in his rightful position.