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21. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Mengying Feng Evaluation of Port Performance: Port Shareholders’ Views
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As a consequence of globalization, port performance has become increasingly important for international trade. Different ports perform differently in terms ofthroughput of cargo volume and container TEUs, as they are influenced by a number of factors. This research reviews the literature on the factors with the support of reviewing port performance indicators. The research aims to identify how different port stakeholders evaluate these factors’ importance to their port performances and how they evaluate their factor performances differently. The methodology employs a large-scale questionnaire survey in the ports of Western Europe and Eastern Asia. The findings are presented that different port stakeholders evaluate factor importance and performance differently, which implies that the relevant key port stakeholders should all be included when developing port strategy.
22. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Robbin Derry From Strategic to Sustainable Philanthropy: Corporate Giving and Community Partnerships
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This paper challenges the field to move beyond strategic philanthropy to a more encompassing concept of sustainable philanthropy. A brief history of philanthropic practices is presented, as well as a discussion of contemporary approaches to corporate philanthropy. The model of sustainable philanthropy developed here advocates integrating a triple bottom line approach with the strategic practice of corporate giving. It shifts the traditional model of powerful donor and a powerless recipient, to one where both donor and recipient must work harder to identify a partner that shares their intrinsic values and objectives. The aim of sustainable philanthropy is to establish a working partnership with broadly shared goals and openly acknowledged benefits.
23. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Robbin Derry, Leslie Bush The Global Plantation Economy: Linking Consumption and Colonies
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The motivations and methods of colonial exploration and economic dominance in the Age of Discovery offer significant lessons for today’s globalized productionsystems. Our current consumption of products grown or constructed in distant countries and transported by cheap oil to our local markets leads us to question our complicity in a contemporary global plantation economy.
24. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Naomi A. Gardberg, Donald H. Schepers, Louis Lipani Antecedents of Corporate Political Finance Disclosure
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U.S. corporations have long tried to enact a favorable business environment via political activities such as lobbying and campaign contributions. This particular strategy is receiving increased attention due to the recent Supreme Court decision, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, which establishes that corporations have the same rights with regard to political activities as individuals. In this work, we examine the nature of corporate political activity and the need for accountability; define transparency in the context of corporate political activity; and examine the antecedents for corporate political disclosure. We then test our model on the S&P 100 using an index of corporate political disclosure that we developed. We find that opportunities to participate in political activities, dependence on government contracts and prior disclosure on other topics such as the environment lead to more disclosure. The intensity of the regulatory environment appears to have no influence.
25. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Yves Fassin The Collapse of a European Bank in the Financial Crisis: Shareholder Activism and the Limits of Corporate Governance
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This paper makes an analysis of the recent collapse of Fortis, a major European bank, from the perspective of shareholder activism and social movement theory to illustrate the limits of corporate governance. Some specific issues of the Fortis affair – and more especially the chaotic events at the general assembly - illustrate the application of social movement theory to shareholder activism, besides agency theory problems and conflicts of interests. Paradoxes between legal constraints and principles of good corporate governance are presented. The Fortis case illustrates the limits of the juridical bureaucracy in situations of urgency. The case illustrates the limits of corporate governance. Governance systems need to find appropriate mechanisms to align the voting rights with the long-term interests of the company. We argue for new criteria that will restrict representation to loyal shareholders with a long-term commitment. Good governance mechanisms should prevent opportunistic behaviour and encourage a responsible attitude.
26. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Marta de la Cuesta, Carmen Valor, Francisco Pablo Holgado Evaluation of the Environmental, Social, and Governance Information Disclosed by Spanish Listed Companies
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting of Spanish companies listed in the IBEX-35 stock index Firstly, it establishes four requisites for quality in ESG reporting. Secondly, it evaluates whether ESG reports comply with these requirements. Using a benchmark tool based on GRI3 we can conclude that the GRI has resulted in some standardization of corporate social and environmental reporting, particularly as regards to format, but their approach to indicators is unlikely to produce high quality information that is relevant, comparable, complete and accessible to all stakeholders. Also, there seems to be evidence that reporting is orientated to satisfy shareholders and investors´ demands rather than to other stakeholders´.
27. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Sharron Hunter-Rainey, Linda C. Rodríguez The Gilded Cage: Contemporary Slavery in American Professional Sports Teams
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This paper uses social capital theory to explain contemporary slavery in the context of American professional sports leagues. While traditional slavery was legallyabolished in the United States (US) during the nineteenth century, using the label slavery to describe professional athletes is often dismissed because these athletes are wellcompensated performers with access to incremental compensation through commercial endorsements. As active players, athletes have opportunities to build and leverage social capital, yet, after they retire from competition, these opportunities frequently diminish. We contend contemporary slavery exists for professional athletes and during their careers they are bound to their owners via “gilded cage” slavery, which is attractive to enter yet difficult to exit. We also contend that during this “bondage,” athletes build and maintain social capital; yet upon retirement, athletes are limited in opportunities to leverage socialcapital to improve their own situations or those of their communities.
28. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Laura Albareda Integrated Networked Governance on Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability
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The aim of the paper is to study the stages of development of corporate responsibility global standards and initiatives based on the development of integratednetworked governance. I propose a matrix based on four development stages built along a continuum and in crescendo collaboration among different global standards and multistakeholder initiatives. The research is based on the concept of the analysis of the integrated networked governance on an analysis of the Global Action Network (Waddell, 2011).
29. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Duane Windsor An Organizing Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility Theories
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This paper proposes an organizing framework that shows likely relationships among five identifiable approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is an umbrella term embracing mandatory, expected, and voluntary activities. CSR is a contested concept, along a continuum from strong CSR through strategic CSR to zero CSR positions. The intention for the framework is to help scholars with understanding how various CSR approaches relate to one another. The organizing framework is explicated in Figure 2.
30. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2011
Jacqueline N. Hood, Jeanne M. Logsdon Challenges That Employees with Personality Disorders Pose for Ethics and Compliance in Organizations
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Personality-disordered individuals of certain types tend to exhibit behaviors that cause particular problems for the Ethics and Compliance (E&C) function inorganizations. This paper defines personality-disordered individuals and focuses on three types that might create such problems: the psychopath, the narcissist, and the obsessivecompulsive personality. We provide a working hypothesis about the problems that they may cause in organizations and then report the results of an exploratory study of E&C personnel. The paper concludes with recommendations for managers and for future research.
31. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Cynthia E. Clark, Jennifer J. Griffin Issues-Driven Shareholder Activism
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Issues-driven shareholder activism suggests that specific issue characteristics brought by shareholders, a group to which firms are obligated to respond, interact in a way that affects the materiality of the issue in the eyes of the modern corporation. Relevant issue characteristics include: issue type, social significance, and issue life cycle stage.
32. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Craig Dunn, Rich Brown Beyond the Mind: Exploring Business Ethics Utilizing the Principles of Kinesthetics Through Devised Theater
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Within the academic community there has been debate around whether business ethics should be taught as a stand-alone course or rather integrated across the business curriculum. A different tack is taken here as we head in the direction of integrating business ethics beyond the traditional bounds of the business curriculum and into theatre arts. The collaboration outlined herein was established when an inter-College alliance was formed to create the devised play Cheat, a mainstage theatre production for Western Washington University (WWU), in which theatre became the ground and moral theory from business ethics became the figure. The following is a detailed deconstruction of the variety of ways in which business ethics concepts and models informed the construction of Cheat.
33. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Michael Barnett, Michael Cummings, Paul Vaaler The Social Dividends of Diaspora: Migrants, Remittances, and Changes in Home-Country Rule of Law
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How do societies improve over time? This paper demonstrates one means through which the independent actions of individuals can produce country-level social change. We explain how institutional governance norms, specifically those surrounding rule of law, are transmitted to developing countries through migrants and their remittances. We develop and test an empirical model using a panel dataset of 49 developing countries from 2001-2010. Results suggest that migrants and their remittances matter, but their impact depends on where both reside abroad. Developing countries that suffer a “brain drain” may in some cases be compensated with a social gain.
34. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Michael Crooke, Mark Mallinger Personal Responsibility for Improving Society: The Role of Graduate Business Education
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This paper develops the case for establishing curriculum in business school that includes systems-based strategic decision-making. Pepperdine University’s certificate in Social, Environmental and Ethical Responsibility at their Graziadio School of Business is an example of a program that espouses values-based leadership, using the SEER lens as a framework that includes social and environmental values in the process of crafting a sustainable competitive advantage.
35. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Judith A. White, Don McCormick Leadership for an Emerging Democracy in Burma: A Model of Moral Courage
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This qualitative study examines the moral courage of leaders working for democracy and human rights in Burma. As Burma transitions to democracy moralcourage will be essential for leaders of civil society organizations as they face corruption, cronyism, and resistance to change. From interview data with nineteen leaders in Burma and Thailand, and a review of the literature we developed a conceptual model of moral courage that suggests that the relationship between moral motivation and the demonstration of moral courage was mediated by political, social, and individual level factors including the activists’ knowledge and experiences. In addition to applications for leadership in civil society organizations in emerging democracies, results suggest individuals in private, public, or non-governmental organizations, when confronted with coercion, corruption, exploitation, or denial of due process can act with moral courage by engaging their moral principles, commitment, compassion, and sense of urgency while recognizing risks and potential hardship.
36. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Duane Windsor Toward a General Theory of Responsibility and Irresponsibility
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This paper seeks to make a contribution toward a general theory of responsibility and irresponsibility. Such a theory, or framework or model, addresses therelationship between responsibility and irresponsibility. The motive for the effort is that the literature on business ethics, corporate citizenship, and corporate social responsibility combines negative prohibitions with positive requirements and at both individual and organizational levels of action. A prohibition takes the form “do not” expressed in laws and ethics. A requirement takes the form “should” or “ought” expressed in theories of responsibility and stakeholder engagement. Armstrong (1977) points out that actually preventing harm may be socially much more valuable than promoting contribution.
37. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Daniel W. Greening, James Wall, Sara R.S.T.A. Elias Developing Theory in Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship: An International Investigation of the PET Organization
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This paper was originally a discussion proposal but data has been collected since June and we would like to share some results in this proceedings article. Our goal is to link the CSR literature with the social entrepreneurship literature by studying the growth of an international organization and discuss our methodologies and findings to date.
38. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Anne Barraquier A Cultural Analysis of Sustainability and Human Organizations
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What can we learn from pre-industrial societies and organizations to achieve a sustainable development? As the pressure on organizations for a more sustainable world is increasing, some suggest that pre-industrial societies have lessons to teach. Organizations studies have borrowed very little from anthropology studies and have therefore not benefited from the cultural analysis they provide. This paper digs into this untapped reservoir of knowledge, and suggests a twofold discussion. The first part presents counterintuitive results that dismiss common assumptions: indigenous organizations are not more conservationist than modern organizations, their dependence upon nature has translated into cultural practices which were hastily interpreted as forms of respect, their interest for the natural environment being rather guided by survival and cultural autonomy. Whereas tribal groups are dependent upon natural resources and cycles, modern societies and organizations have used technology to exploit the natural world. Yet, modern societies and organizations can benefit from knowledge withheld by indigenous cultural groups. I conclude on the idea that a sustainable model is yet to be found, and that a new paradigm of individual and group behavior has to emerge to confront environmental degradation and scarcity of natural resources.
39. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
Maria Goranova, Lori Verstegen Ryan Shareholder Activism: A Multidisciplinary View
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Shareholder activism has become a dynamic institutional force, and its associated, rapidly increasing body of scholarly literature affects numerous disciplineswithin the organizational science academy. Despite growing shareholder empowerment, the impact of shareholder activism on corporate outcomes remains equivocal. The heterogeneity of factors in shareholder activism, such as environmental, firm, proponent, and issue characteristics; the variety of activism methods and processes; and varying outcomes provides a plethora of theoretical and methodological challenges for activism researchers. Furthermore, the separation of prior research on financial and social activism has left unanswered questions critical for both the scholarly discourse on shareholder activism and the normative debate on shareholder empowerment. Our multidisciplinary review integrates both the financial and social activism streams and explores shareholder activism controversies, seeking to provide an impetus for more cohesive conceptual and empirical work in the field.
40. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society: 2012
William P. Smith Employee Privacy Rights and New Communication Technologies