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141. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 2 > Issue: 4
Gene Spitler Sensible Environmental Principles for the Future
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The attitudes of the American public toward the environmental movement may be undergoing change as the economic crunch continues and energy shortages reoccur. The principles underlying the environmental movement need to be defined and examined carefully to determine what makes sense for our changing conditions. In this paper an attempt is made to express the two primary ethical principles which have evolved from environmental thinking and, in turn, have influenced the directions taken by the movement. It is argued that these principles must not be accepted uncritically, but rather must be analyzed and subsequently modified to become compatible with more traditional ethical thinking. Such a synthesis is attempted in the paper. The modified principles can provide valuable guidance as we make difficult decisions which can influence the future path of life on Earth.
142. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
Robert Kirkman The New Ecological Order
143. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
Annie L. Booth Learning from Others: Ecophilosophy and Traditional Native American Women’s Lives
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I examine the roles of traditional Native American women with regard to their impact on maintaining appropriate spiritual, cultural, and physical relationships with the natural world and discuss lessons that ecophilosphers might find useful in reexamining their own spiritual, cultural, and physical relationships.
144. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
NEWS AND NOTES
145. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
Cary Coglianese Implications of Liberal Neutrality for Environmental Policy
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The principle of liberal neutrality requires governments to avoid acting to promote particular conceptions of the good life. Yet by determining who uses natural resources and how, environmental policy makers can affect the availability of resources needed by individuals to carry on meaningful lives and in doing so can effectively privilege some versions of the good life at the expense of others. A commitment to liberal neutrality by implication promotes environmental policy that accommodates competing activities in order to provide a wide range of resources that can support diversity in individual lives. It also encourages caution with regard to legislation based on deep ecology, the intrinsic value of species, and the fear of impending environmental catastrophe.
146. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
Wayne Ouderkirk What is Nature?: Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human
147. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
David W. Kidner Culture and the Unconscious in Environmental Ethics
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I argue that much current environmental theory is unwittingly grounded in assumptions about personhood that entangle it within existing ideology. Culture theory, I suggest, offers a way out of this entanglement through its perception of our immersion within a symbolic realm which precedes consciousness. Environmental theory, by embodying, articulating and legitimating cultural forms, can avoid being assimilated by those individualistic and scientistic assumptions which undermine its potential.
148. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
Ned Hettinger Nature as Subject: Human Obligation and Natural Community
149. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
Arran E. Gare MacIntyre, Narratives, and Environmental Ethics
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While environmental philosophers have been striving to extend ethics to deal with future generations and nonhuman life forms, very little work has been undertaken to address what is perhaps a more profound deficiency in received ethical doctrines, that they have very little impact on how people live. I explore Alasdair MacIntyre’s work on narratives and traditions and defend a radicalization of his arguments as a direction for making environmental ethics efficacious.
150. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 1
M. M. Van de Pitte “The Female is Somewhat Duller”: The Construction of the Sexes in Ornithological Literature
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I review ornithological literature in order to demonstrate that conventions of description and illustration, as well as some aspects of biological theory relating to birds, put a strong focus on male birds. I criticize the sexist aspects of ornithology from the standpoint of recent feminist philosophy of science, establishing connections between the ways in which we view animals and the ways in which we viewourselves and arguing that it is costly to humans, specifically women, to suggest that females of the nonhuman species are biologically inadequate in relation to their male counterparts. Finally, I note that failure to notice and excise residual sexism in animal science also encourages people to be inattentive to and less considerate of a large and significant part of nature. I conclude with some suggestionsfor reform.
151. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Dionys de Leeuw The Interests of Fish: A Reply to Chipaniuk and List
152. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Robert Hood Rorty and Postmodern Environmental Ethics
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Richard Rorty’s pragmatic abandonment of epistemological representationalism has important implications for environmental ethics, particularly postmodern environmental ethics. I discuss Rorty’s position and show that Mark Sagoff’s version of it allows for both rational negotiation of public environmental issues and for the creation of solidarity among people regarding the environment. I then discuss Eugene Hargrove’s view that representation, rather than being implicated in the destruction of nature, is a key element in preserving (the intrinsic value of) nature. I conclude that Hargrove’s position is compatible with Rorty’s and Sagoff’s positions and I argue that aesthetic representation may still be needed in a postmodern world that has abandoned epistemological representationalism.
153. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Andrew Light Clarifying the Public/Private Distinction
154. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Rita Lester Theology for Earth Community: A Field Guide
155. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
John Clark Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology
156. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Warren Neill An Emotocentric Theory of Interests
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It is plausible to hold that ethical obligations are concerned with bringing about the existence of things that have value, where something is of value if and only if it is in the interest of some entity. Here the notion of an interest may be defined as whatever contributes to the well-being of a morally significant entity. I argue that interests are limited to individuals with the capacity for affective response. After briefly distinguishing between various different types of value, I defend this emotocentric theory of interests against objections raised by Paul Taylor and Gary Varner, both of whom grant interests to a larger class of entities. I argue that there are serious problems with attempts to associate interests with mere goaldirectedness or with the mere possession of biological functions.
157. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Michel Dion A Typology of Corporate Environmental Policies
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Although many small businesses and a great number of large enterprises have environmental policies, the contents of such policies vary widely according to their emphases either on technical rationality and technocentrism/technocracy or on ecological rationality and ecocentrism/ecocracy. I present them in four categories: with regard to strong anthropocentrism, (1) the neo-technocratic enterprise and (2) the techno-environmentalist enterprise; and with regard to weak anthropocentrism, (3) the pseudo-environmentalist enterprise and (4) the quasi-environmentalist enterprise. Such a typology can be useful for business managers to write and/or review their environmental policies. However, it only reflects the “ideal values” of the enterprise, not the corporate story with regard to environmental issues.
158. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
Beth A. Dixon On Women and Animals: A Reply to Gruen and Gaard
159. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
H. Sterling Burnett The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise
160. Environmental Ethics: Volume > 20 > Issue: 2
NEWS AND NOTES