Russell's position on knowledge by acquaintance with particulars and universals, as expressed by him in the 1910's, is critically examined by focusing on the Problem of naming. An auxiliary employment of language-games shows that, contrary to Russell's assumptions, even the "purest" acquaintance cannot function without knowledge by description, i.e., without stating propositions about the object of acquaintance (whatever its nature).

There is a problem concerning knowledge of man. The attempt to grasp man is necessarily circular, since man is both subject and object of knowledge. The various Sciences can furnish data about man, but cannot resolve the problem, since they must presuppose a view of man as a condition of their elaboration. Philosophy, which can provide a general theory of man, has frequently subordinated the problem of subjectivity to logically-prior epistemological considerations. The result has often been a view of man as a rational being which is at variance with ordinary experience. A possible approach to the problem is to formulate a general view of man in terms of the kind of experience of which man is capable.

HEGELs Phänomenologie des Geistes stellt den dialektischen Aufstieg des Bewußtseins in einer Reihe von Stufen und Gestalten bis zum absoluten Wissen dar. Im Referat werden einleitend die grundlegenden Thesen des Werkes betrachtet. Dann folgt eine Diskussion des Themas: Bedeutung der Mathematik, der empirischen Wissenschaften und des absoluten Wissens bei HEGEL. Trotz der Evidenz ihrer Erkenntnisse ist die Mathematik nicht imstande, in die wahre Wirklichkeit des Werdens, in das Leben des Geistes einzudringen. Die Erfahrungswissenschaft - das "Reich der Gesetze" - wird in die Philosophie aufgenommen; aber die Erfüllung im "absoluten Wissen" ist dem menschlichen Geist unmöglich.

"Poetry and Science: Indicators of Differing Sociocultural Concern" argues on the background of historical, intellectual, literary, and sociological evidence that poetry and Science reflect two different modes of human intellectual activity. Both activities are seen to be vital to sound, orderly, and responsible cultural development. If one of the two concerns is achieving predominance over the other on its own terms, the cultural environment is ailing.

Die aktualistische Methode war Grundlage aller historischen Forschungen in der Naturwissenschaft. Es gibt keine andere Methode für die Kausalerklärung der organischen Evolution der Vergangenheit. Der Erfolg in der Anwendung dieser Methode wird von der Genauigkeit und der Qualität der extrapolierten Kenntnisse, von dem Vorhandensein der Fossilien, von der Fähigkeit des Lebens, die Information uber die Vergangenheit selbst zu wahren, abgehängt. Deshalb gibt es verschiedene Formen der aktualistischen Methode.

Das heute diskutierte Problem der Selbstbeziehung des modernen Subjekt-, Ich-Bewustseins (von Descartes bis Hegel) verweist auf ein nicht-ichhaftes Bewußtsein als seine Bedingung. Dieses läßt sich, in Rückbesinnung auf erkenntnistheoretische Aussagen bei Aristoteles und Thomas v. Aqu., als ein Mitwissen des Subjekts vom Sein aller Dinge und seiner selbst verstehen, in welchem es nicht nur die Dinge gegenwärtig hat, sondern auch sich selbst unmittelbar gegeben und bei sich selbst ist.

The global problems, which are connected with correlation of society and nature, are soluble by means of scientific-technological revolution. These means can facilitate the progress of the System society-nature and of each its component. In their turn, the ways of solving the global problems are those of further development and concretisation of STR directions. These processes occuring in the sphere of social being, cause a reformation of the world outlook and that is expressed in its "ecologization", "cosmization" and "globalization".

In the correlated development of man and society major importance is attached to the revelation of human entity which includes five basic components. It comes up as a many-sided, active and self-revealing entity. Scientific and technological progress exerts a complex and contradictory influence upon human entity-thus resulting in a multiple choice in the course of social praxis. Close interconnection and coordination between the development of the man and the development of society is of primary importance for coordinating scientific and technological progress and integral development of the man.

The problem of hamessing the modern STR requires philosophical investigation of various levels at which the STR occures. The report deals with the philosophical Problems corresponding to two major levels: the STR in Science-technology System and System of interaction between the STR as a specific scientific-technical process with different processes of modern social life. These problems include social determination of the STR; description of the STR as a special scientific-technical process; scientific revolution as a specific form of scientific change; technological revolution as a peculiar form of technical change; etc.

The ascent of man was not the ascent of the physical man, not even the ascent of the scientific man, but the ascent of the spiritual man. The creation of Science was a part of the spiritual quest. We have falsified our entire intellectual history, indeed our evolutionary history, by viewing it through the materialist prism: be it empiricism, which insists on reducing all elements of our knowledge to our sensory experience and all the stuff of the universe to its physical basis; or be it economism, which insists on the primacy of the economic modes of life over all other modes.

Natur und soziale Welt und die Praxis ihrer Umwandlung waren und sind entscheidende Determinanten der Problematik des Menschen. Auf der Grundlage der Erfindungen auf dem Gebiet moderner Biologie treten neue Abwandlungen des Biologismus hervor, die Illusionen über die Lösung der Probleme des Menschen und der Gesellschaft durch biologische Mittel Vorschub leisten. Der Mensch jedoch ist ein praktisches biosoziales Wesen. Von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Existenz des Menschen ist nicht das Biologische, sondern die soziale Aktivität und die Vererbung.

Eight problems can be distinquished as far as the question of spatio-temporal infinity of the world is concerned: four problems of cosmological infinity and four Problems of microcosmic infinity. Four problems of cosmological boundlessnes of the Universe correspond to the former four. In the paper I intend to demonstrate how all above problems can be linked/ into six pairs and to justify the thesis that the problem of eternity of the world is identical to the problem of genetic boundlessnes of the Universe. The possibility of solving abovementioned problems is discussed, especially with respect to the problem of eternity.

La question, liée au role de l'idée évolutionniste dans le système des représentations théoriques biologique est examinée. L'élaboration de ce problème est définie par la compréhension conceptuelle de l'essence de la vie, par l'objet de la theorie de l'évolution et de la biologie theorique, par les principes philosophiques initiaux. La thèse, selon laquelle, toute théorie biologique doit partir de la notion du monde organique en tant que résultat d’une longue évolution de la vie, est citée; la nécessité de joindre les attitudes historique et théorique dans l'etude des régularités de la nature vivante est montrée.

By the term "subject" an exponent of activity which on the human level becomes a bearer of consciousness and then self-consciousness is unremined. The notions of "suvject" and "object" are maximum generalizations, expressive man's cognitive attitude towards the world. Human consciousness does not merely reflect the world, but creates it too. Reflexion is a necessary precondition of creativity. Both structurally and evolutionary it connects human consciousness with prehistory of his. This regularity is being considered through the three mai senses of the term “subject" as formulated in the title.

Intentionalität als einigendes und kontinuitätsstiftendes Prinzip des Bewußtseins kann die ihr zugemutete Leistung nur vollbringen, wenn sie eine narrative Komponente enthalt. Dem Bewußtsein sind Anfang und Ende des Prozesses, der es selbst ist, nicht zuganglich. Dies wird kompensiert durch die paradigmatische narrative Opposition von Leere und Fülle, die sich syntagmatisch als Prozeß vom leeren Vermeinen zur erfüllten Anschauung entfaltet. Die Umkehrung dieser Opposition erweist jedoch Nähe und Distanz als gleichermaßen und durch einander intendiert und so Intentionalität als Integral von Aneignung und Flucht.

There is increasing danger of annihilating the human race through use of the weapons produced by scientific-technological progress. We can now fully document the fact that a major nuclear power made a deliberate political-military decision in 1962 which it consciously expected would result in ending the whole human world. Subsequently it announced it would not hesitate to be the first to use nuclear weapons if it or its allies were attacked with conventional weapons. The ethical issues involved, and the preventive Steps that could be taken by philosophy, Science and religion are examined.

Only a social dynamic which has survival vaiue can be called wealthy. The Law of Diminishing Returns requires that increased labor skill is necessary for simple social reproduction. But this depletes historically-defined resources faster. Therefore such a dynamic is insufficient for indefinite survival. Wealth is therefore to be understood as a dynamic in which laboring skill level increases at a rate which at least tends to increase its rate of increase.

The period of enlightenment, in an enormous world-wide experiment once more tried to only "deduce" norms, by simply teaching Science. Empirical antiquity, in contrast to this Platonic-Aristotelean concept, already realised, that only special mental faculties, as fore-sight or possibility-choice, adequately transform scientific knowledge into corresponding norms of behavior, and consequently instituted separate teaching-processes for the induction of scientific laws or "convictions". Even such scientifically justified values, however, can never compete with the fascination and power of the "ready-made" mere customs, moral commandments, religions or ideologies of all times.

Die "Unentfremdbarkeit" der Beziehung des Menschen zur Umwelt verknüpfen die Existentialisten mit seiner Interpretation der Sinnesdaten. Vordergründig ist bei ihnen die Empfindung, die Wahrnehmung, das Verhältnis des Subjekts zum eigenen Korper. Die Beziehung des sozialen Individuums zu sich selbst spiegelt wider, inwieweit die gegebene Gesellschaft fähig ist, sich zum Menschen wie zu einem konkreten Individuum zu verhalten.