In the paper a task is formulated to explain the pluralism of forms of metaphysics proceeding with the thesis of overstating in these forms of the diverse aspects of the image of science and of the. difference between the latter and the real content of the scientific knowledge. The author believes that every objective philosophy should try to reach the ideal of dialectical unity of knowledge.

Ausgehend von dem von J. Müller 1826 entdeckten Gesetz der sog. spezifischen Sinnesenergie werden gegensätzliche philosophische Deutungen desselben vorgeführt. Es wird jene Interpretation besonders beachtet, die zu agnostizistischen Konsequenzen führte. Das Beharrungsvermögen dieser philosophischen Deutung wird gesellschaftlich erklärt, ebenso der Umstand, daß sie später für viele weitere Erkenntnismittel Imitiert wurde.

In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Begriffe "Norm”, "pädagogische Norm" und "Begründung” geklärt. Im Lichte dieser deflatorischen Präzisierungen wird herausgearbeitet, was die Philosophie zur Begründung pädagogischer Normen beitragen kann. Die Diskussion bezieht sich dabei auf meta-ethische Erörterungen, auf logische Klärungen (Folgerungsbegriff), auf den Begriff der Gültigkeit von Normen (Begriff der Richtigkeit von Mischsätzen) sowie schließlich auf das sog. Zweck-Mittel-Denken Im Begründungszusammenhang erzieherisch gemeinter Sollensforderungen. Insgesamt wird damit auch zu zeigen versucht, was die Philosophie bei der Begründung pädagogischer Normen nicht zu leisten Imstande ist, d.h. welche Aufgaben hiebei der Pädagogik selbst zufallen.

The distinction of fact and value and the problems entailed by it are concerns only for modern, Western thought. The distinction is supported by Kant, who, however, also attempts to solve its consequent problems. His first attempt is made by arguing that the standard of value is itself a fact. This brings fact and value together, but only in an intelligible world. Kant's second attempt is found in the third Critique in the argument that man, as both rational and animal, must view the world in teleological terms; so doing advances the task of science, finds support in objects of natural beauty, and leads to the creation of beauty in art. Thus, ultimately, the highest complete good, a world under moral laws is itself seen as in fact really possible as the final goal of human creative artistic activity.

Die Erkenntnis wird nur durch die Schöpfung (nicht ex nihilo, sondern cum fundamento in re) der Universalien durch das Denken möglich. Trotz seiner Originalität (= Widerspiegelung des Wirklichen sub specie universalitatis et essentiae) hat das logisch Universelle eine Korrespondenz in der objektiven Welt, wo es sich durch Wiederholung derselben ontischen Strukturen befindet und wo es wahrscheinlich eine der Grundstrukturen ist.

The definition of absolute relational time in the Special Theory of Relativity/STR/ is analysed. According to it time is the set of events partially ordered by the relation absolutely earlier than, i.e. independent of arbitrary inertial reference System. This definition has a few advantages: it extracts and expresses the absolute aspect of time in STR, it suggests a possibility of its application in the General Theory of Relativity and so on.

The essence and development of moral norms is connected with the dialectics of the direct and inverse relationship between the real and the necessary. Moral norms reflect the need to harmonize interpersonal relations and the conditions of human existence. The historical changes in the need and the conditions cause some moral norms to die out and new ones to appear. The objective criteria of moral values at all stages of historical development are the interests of social progress. The all-round humanization of social relations is possible only on the basis of socioeconomic, political and ideological transformations.

Science history shows that the most important basic and the decisive factor of the scientifico-technical progress is the social practice while the stimulating forces of the knowledge are their dialectical contradictions and Creative solving. The role of the outstanding scientists in Science development is important but their new results may been obtained only on the base of the investigations done before them.

Whether man's consciousness arises from his bodily condition or is an entity in itself vis-a-vis the world is the Key topic discussed in this paper. From a phenomenological study of man's "lived experience", it seems clear that consciousness is rooted in the materiality of nature and of the world. Both the Other and the world are necessary for the emerging and development of man's consciousness. Evidence points to a unity of man's physical and spiritual seif.

I. NATURE OF SCIENCE. Components: problems, attitude, methods, activities, conclusions, effects. Science able to generalize about values.II. NATURE OF VALUES. Distinctions needed: good-bad, ends-means, subjective-objective, apparent-real, actual-potential. Intrinsic goods: feelings of pleasure (Hedonism), satisfaction (Voluntarism), enthusiasm (Romanticism), contentment (Anandism), singly or mingled (Organicism). Subjective values objectified (einfuhlung) like concepts in percepts. Real intrinsic values: feelings in other persons; naively reified values.

Sont exposées certaines considérations critiques à propos de la conception du "progrès" de Levi-Strauss. En acceptant que le critère du progrès est basé sur le principe de l'accroissement d'autonomie du Système en tant que conséquence et expression de l’élargissement des possibilités de son équilibre on pourra apprécier comme progressives les changements visant l'élargissement des possibilités d'équilibre à l'intérieur du Systeme social et avec le milieu en tant que condition optimale de son fonctionnement.

Die traditionelle Auffassung der Erkenntnistheorie, so wie diese in der bürgerlichen Philosophie bearbeitet wurde, die Beziehung des Menschen zur Welt zu eng und einseitig begriffen hat. Daher lief sie auch in unlösbare Gegensätze, in den Subjektivismus, in positivistische Konzeptionen der "Wissenschaftsmethodologie" aus. Die marxistische Philosophie die charakteristischen Gegensätze der bürgerlichen Erkenntnistheorie überwunden hat und die Beziehung des menschlichen erkennenden Subjekts zur Welt viel breiter, in der Einheit der vielfältigen Formen der Weltaneignung durch den Menschen, in der Umgestaltung der Welt und in der planmäßigen Gestaltung der Natur- und Gesellschaftsumwelt, auffaßt.

Five prolegomena for formulating the concept "universe" are explored: 1) The formulation of the concept "universe" must be such that no plural of the term is possible; 2) Epistemological considerations are inadequate for determining the concept; 3) Substitution of synonyms is inadequate to the concept and is in fact a procedure based on special and limited principles; 4) Phenomenological investigations of, e.g., "world," are insufficient to provide an analysis of the concept "universe"; 5) The concept "universe" is a categorical concept which must be given connotation by way of a completion of categorial analyses of things "in" the universe.

Prediction, a notion which intimately relates Science and technology, is examined, and a proposal made to translate predictions into performatives and complex questions. Insights gained from a recent study of the accuracy of technological predictions shed some light on the nature of scientific knowledge, theories, and practice. Some of Michael Scriven's Claims regarding value-laden "science" are thrown into question.

Die Fortschritte der modernen Biologie zwingen zur gründlicheren Diskussion der sozial-biologischen Probleme. Dieses Problem wird definiert als Verhältnis des Biologischen und Sozialen im Menschen selbst, als Wechselwirkung zwischen der biologisch-anthropologischen Natur des Menschen und seinem gesellschaftlich determinierten sozialen Wesen. Es wird die materialistisch-dialektische, monistische Position der marxistischen Philosophie in bezug auf die sozial-biologische Frage Umrissen und als Grundlage fruchtbarer wissenschaftlicher Kooperation gekennzeichnet.

Die Erkenntnis der Wirklichkeitsaspekte, um die zu erkennen die Methoden der einzelwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis nicht ausreichen, Tatsache ist. Heutzutage tritt neben der traditionellen Besorgnis der Philosophen, die sich in der Untersuchung der Bedingungen und Moglichkeiten fur das Vorhandensein der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis ausert, eine andere hervor - die Erforschung der Spezifik und der Funktionierung einer nicht Wissenschaft liehen Erkenntnis, d.h. der sich von der einzelwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis unterscheidenden Erkenntnisarten.

The dependence of biology upon chemistry is based largely upon the structural explication of those substances which are typical of this level of complexity. There is, however, at least one serious ambiguity in the understanding to be gained in terms of "structure" which must be made explicit if we are to appreciate how far this "dependence" diverges from the Standard view of "reduction". I distinguish "civil" from "molecular" structures to help see through this ambiguity, draw out its implications by comparison with Polanyi's notion of "irreducible structure" and Simon's notion of "heirarchical structure", and finally argue why practitioners themselves only claim to be providing a "rationalization" of structure.

The article deals with the interrelation between history of philosophy and scientific-technical revolution. The author asks how much the process of change in Science affected history and methodology of philosophy, the latter involving the Problem of including philosophic legacy in the process of upbringing so that to free a person from Professional one-sidedness and the all-round development of Personality should be secured. The real problem consists in the dialectics of continuity and change, tradition and the present, v/hen the two exist in close interrelation.

The paper is concerned with illative argument and natural inference in its relations with theoretical problems of knowledge. Illative argument is neither deductive nor inductive: it is cognitive as natural and spontaneous way of reasoning. And ultimately it starts a free search for the sources of cognitive modes of thought, grounded in association of ideas by elective affinities (Wahlverwandtschaft) in a Goethean style.

The "rationality" of myth conceived structurally (after C.Levi-Strauss) as a mediation of oppositions of mythical thought, is compared with the dialectic in its rational form. The latter being a teaching of solution of contradictions of being and knowledge, is analysed from the point of its conformity to such necessary features of scientific rationality as: criticism, an ability to be productive of the progress of knowledge, logicality, empirical content. The author regards rational dialectic as a mode of a solution of oppositions of Contemporary concept of rationality.