Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science

The formulation in 1927 of the so called uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg was originated to resolve a problem with wich it apparently did not bear any relation: the possible intuitive content of the quantum theory, whose mathematic formalism had already been constituted at the end of 1925. The work’s objective consists in the detailed showing of the ideas which lead to it’s obtainment, apart from all discussion relative to the determinist or indeterminist behavior of atomic systems.

This essay deals with the concept of negation in Deontics. In relation with this concept, the polish logician Jerzy Sztykgold seems to put forward (in Negation of the norm, 1936) these two thesis: a) a norm may have a negation; b) a norm may be a negation. Sztykgold studies the concept of Inegation of a norm through the analysis of other two concepts (the concept of “insubsistence” or absence (brak) of a right or of a duty and the concept of opposition of behaviour), and, as early as 1936, he puts hirnself in a clear position in relation to the problem of the possibility of a logic of norms: There is a deontic analogonof truth, which is the słuszność (‘rightness’; ‘rightfulness’) consequently, for the norms, entities of which the słuszność is predicated, are valid the thesis of the propositional logic that are valid for the apophantic sentences.

Moulines’ arguments against several types of realism in his book Pluralidad y recursion are considered and a defence of scientific realism consistent with structuralism is offered as a plausible answer to Moulines’ criticisms.