Proceedings of the XXIII World Congress of Philosophy

Volume 9, 2018

Confucian Philosophy

Yi Wang, Xiaowei Fu
Pages 81-87

Confucius on the Relation between Beauty/Yue and Goodness/Li

Yuejiao (Music Education) was the primary form of education ever since the time of Emperors Yao and Shun. This tradition of valuing Yue (樂 music, beauty) over Li (禮 ritual, goodness) lasted till the Three Dynasties period. After the Spring and Autumn Period, Lijiao (Moral Education) became the dominant form, but it still consisted of a lot of yue (music education). Seeing the declining of this tradition, Confucius claimed to “follow upon Zhou”. That is, he wanted to recover and inherit this ideology that engages primarily in music cultivation supplemented by ritual normalization. His statement: “Let a man be first incited by the Songs, then given a firm footing by the study of ritual (Li), and finally perfected by music(yue),” also shows his emphasis on Yue. More proofs can be found in Confucian classics such as Analects and the Record of Rites, in which discourses on/ about beauty and goodness are characterized by the juxtaposition of Li and Yue to serve a higher purpose for the pre-Qin Confucians. However, this ideology was not inherited by later Confucians. And the consequence is with the increasing status and impact of Confucianism in China in the past 2500 years, such a tradition of valuing Yue over Li gradually turned into a tradition of valuing Li over Yue. This, however, is inconsistent with both Confucius’ ideology of Li and Yue and the real characteristic of Chinese cultural tradition.