Roczniki Filozoficzne

P. Chauchard is the representative of the opinion that the problems concerning consciousness, involved in various inaccurate interpretations, can now be scientifically and objectively justified in terms of neuropsychological criteria. On their basis one can distinguish several stages of consciousness within the sphere of human psyche, which are strictly connected with structural and functional capacity of human brain. According to P. Chauchard there are following stages of consciousness : bioconsciousness, neuroconsciousness, state of vigilance, attentive consciousness and cogitative consciousness.Bioconsciousness is the result of a complex somatic-psychic integration conditioned mainly by coordinative function of hypothalamus. To some extent bioconsciousness is dominant with regard to instinctive-emotional life of an individual.Neuroconsciousness is conditioned by the structure of rhineuphalon. Its function makes it possible for an individual to exist in itself as it helps to perceive the existence which is connected with the individual state of affectation. The state of vigilance is a result of activation in superior structures of the brain, in what partially noetic brain. This is the stage in which sensory and motoric consciousness appears. The „ego” is a factor essential for the occurance of the superior stages of a full consciousness. Due to „ego” consciousness is connected with the state of attention which is conditioned not only by centres that regulate the brain, but mainly by the selective processes of attention. These processes give rise to the state of over-vigilance increasing the intensity of some definite structures of „vigilant cortex”. The highest degree of human consciousness is the reflective consciousness, or, in other words, the consciousness of consciousness. This particular consciousness is conditioned by the complexity of human being. The process of verbalization plays a very important role in the creation of of this consciousness, which, being a synthesis of all the previous stages, enables the individual to be self-controlled, and at the same time it constitutes a complete human personality.

The aim of the examination was to answer the question how the people with permanent and non-permanent contacts with the liturgical-religious group (the persons who take part in liturgical services reveal themselves in terms of dimensions of personality. 150 persons of permanent contact (1) aged from 19 to 27, and 100 persons of non-permanent contact (2) aged from 18 to 26 were all tested according to H. J. Eysenck’s with Maudsley Personality Inventory adapted in Poland by M. Choynowski), with the aim of examining two basic dimensions: neuroticism-stability (N), and extraversion-introversion (E). The results were as follows:MN1 = 20,8 σN1 = 9,5 MN2 = 30,4 σN2 = 10,9 ME1=29,0 σE1=9,0 ME2 —26,5 σE2 = 8,3Thus, it is obvious that the persons of non-permanent contact with the religious-liturgical group are characterized as more emotional (neurotic) than those of permanent contact. This conclusion refers a fortiori to the other social groups (nonreligious) since other investigations have shown, correlates with that neuroticism the positive religious attitude.These who were tested within the experimental group of permanent contact are more extraverted than those from the other group and, therefore, the permanent contact with the religious-liturgical group seems to be a trait of extraverts and not introverts in spite of the fact that stability and endurance are connected with introversion.The results of the test refer directly to the religious-liturgical groups, and therefore, the conclusions extended to other social groups require empirical verification.

The paper aims at 1) measurement the level of general intelligence of all children from Kar- manowice in order to find out if there are any cases of mental deficiency or any partial dysfunction which would require cure or some psychological and educational training; 2) the disclosure of possible deviation on the level of perception or visual-motor coordination, organic changes in the brain and emotional disturbances measured with Bender-Koppitz Test; 3) the measurement of possible differences which may appear in some personality traits in the case of town and village children in the age ranging from 8 to 12. The paper is also intended to find out if there are any cases of neurosis, or character disorders or other deviations among the examined children.In order to measure the intelligence according to the age of a given child, one of the three following methods has been used : Psyche Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1937), and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Perception and visual-motor coordination was measured by Visual Motor Gestalt Test. Some personality traits of the children (8-12) were tested according to R. B. Porter’s and R. B. Cattell’s Children's Personality Questionnaires.117 children from Karmanowice (4 months to 15 years old) were examined. They were compared with a few groups of country and town children. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the detailed statistic analysis :1. There were not any case of mental deficiency among the whole population of children in Karmanowice. In the light of the accepted classification based upon the standard deviation 8.55 per cent of children have reached the level of intellectual abilities above the average, 80.35 per cent — average, and 11.1 per cent showed borderline.2. Among 68 children — 20.6 per cent appeared to have various degrees of partial dysfunctions especially in the sphere of concepts and language, or visual-spatial coordination or visual analysis and synthesis. These dysfunctions appear among the children whose intellectual capacity is more or less average (in borderline).3. According to the investigations the children from Karmanowice are not very much different from their equals whose parents have received similar education, but live in small towns or villages situated in the nighbourhood of the great towns.4. The Bender-Koppitz Test of 47 children in the age ranging from 4 to 10 proved that 91.5 per cent children do not exemplify the abberation as far as the perception and visual-motor coordination are concerned. 8.5 per cent of children require additional psychological and educational training.5. The girls from Karmanowice (8-12) are different from their equals from towns only because of the Low Ergic tension (Q4—in Personality Questionnaire), whereas the boys from Karmanowice are different from the town boys because of E+ (—Dominance). The careful clinical analysis of profiles proved that only two boys (out of 35) have some (behaviour disorder). No typical neurotic profile was discovered, but 14 per cent of children reveal increased motorial impulsiveness. It is convergent with the results of the Bender-Koppitz Test.

The present article aims at a presentation of attempts to overcome the main difficulties in agreement between the stability of the character on one hand, and its changeability on the other. This attempt has been viewed from different points represented by the three followers of the so-called „Le Senne's School”: R. Le Senne, G. Berger, and R. Mucchielli. Each of them tries to reconcile these two features as they exemplify certain evolution towards more dynamic and plastic view of the character.The interpretation proposed by R. Mucchielli seems most adequate and suitable, for, according to him, the character is understood as virtually dynamic and structurally organized psychomatic disposition of an individual.

The aim of the present poper is the presentation of basic information concerning the three mathematical models (most recent in psychological literature) the function of which is the concept identification. They are:1. The model of conditioning and adaptation (L.E. Bourne and F. Restle).2. The model of selection and strategy (F. Restle).3. The model of selecting hypotheses and conditioning (G.H. Bower and T. Trabasso).Only the basic assumptions of models were discussed in this article which is only a fragment of a larger work, the subject of which is the empirical verification of these models.

The article presents the results of various tests concerning the development of decision processes within children from primary schools. The examination consisted of three experiments. The first experiment was referred to taking a decision in the situation of risk with the aim of testing the processes of anticipation of possible events as well as the processes of choice of accurate stakes connected with these events.The second experiment was intended to be the examination of processes concerning transformation of signals into plausible information, on the basis of which the children (those tested in the second experiment) were told to take a decision concerning a final diagnosis of the situation.The last experiment was to show the transformation of signals into definite information leading to a certain final diagnosis.The experiments mentioned above were meant as preparatory investigation of the problems concerning the development of the decision processes. According to the analysis of the findings several responses were revealed, all of them characteristic of particular stages of development. Moreover, a series of hypotheses were framed. Further examination is intended to be their verification.

The children of primary school were asked to show the arrangement of various events on the two-coloured disk with different proportion of the green and blue fields. The test has revealed the three stages in the development of appreciating the probability of perceptively legible events :1. Deterministic-mechanistic (up till Standard 3-rd class)2. Purely deterministic (up till Standard 6-rd class)3. Indeterministic (in the last two).It has also been found out that the children in Standard 1-rd class show their growing readiness to comprehend the probability of simple and legible events with all mathematical features of evaluation. The evaluation of subjective probability provided by the informants, revealed the deviation suitable to the principle of cognitive conservatism.

Assuming that the flow of information occurs between the elements of the system of communication, an attempt has been made to interpret the relation between the source of signals and decision maker. The interpretation aimed to prove that the dynamic quality of the information process in the situations of decision depends upon the features of communication system. According to the relation mentioned above decision maker was regarded as a system of receiving the information, which consists of two parts :1. Perception of signals2. Transformation of signals into information.As stated, communication which refers to the relation between the source of signals and decision maker turns to be a compound relation, and as such, it is the subclass product of Cartesian collection of signals which can be emitted by the source, or, which can be received by decision maker in a given situation. The orderly pairs of such signals which were really emitted from the source and were received by are all an element of this subclass. The signals are only the material carriers of information and, therefore, the relation of communication is the relative product of reducing the information to a signal and, conversly of transforming the signal into information. Thus, the interrelation between the source of signal and decision maker is the subclass product of Cartesian collection of information which can be emitted from the source by means of signals, or which can be received by decision maker by means of transformation of signals. The sphere of this relation is the information emitted from the source, whereas the opposite sphere comprises the information received by decision maker.The function of coding and decoding system is based upon the rules which subordinate information to a signal and vice versa. These rules are infallible so long as the relation between the emitted signal and the source is deterministic. But when the information is probabilistic (plausible) the character of the rules tends to be deceptive. In the former case the result of transforming the signal into the information is the infallible information. As for the latter — transformation is based only upon the law of averages. In psychological terms, the essence of transformation is the process of decisions whose aim is the choice of such source, which, according to decision maker is the cause of emitting the received signal. His decision is put on the subjective conviction that the state of the source is the most plausible cause of emitting this particular signal. Before the definite state of the source is attributed to the received signal decision maker subjectively disintegrates plausibility of the states of the sources. This disintegration lies in the subjective evaluation of plausibility concerning particular states of the source, as the hypothetical cause of emitting the received signal.In the present article only a few aspects concerning the problems of the system of relation : the source of the signals — decision maker were suggested. The aim of the analyses was the perfunctory review of the basic features of that system. The dependence of communicative relation upon the characteristic features of its constituents was stressed in the article, together with the significance of self-activeness of the subject within the structure of communication system in the situation of decision.

There has so far been no satisfactory, adequate classification of the laws of nature. The reason for this state is the fact, that there exists such a great abundance of physical phenomena, and that they may be approached from different angles. Unchanging relations between phenomena (that is physical laws) are often treated as undifferentiated statements as regards logic, whereas their logical and semantic structure and other features are indeed very complicated.Because of the very great variety of approaches to the laws of nature in particular empirical sciences, Bunge confines himself to distinguishing certain groups of laws from the point of knowledge and ontology.The author grants the difference between empirical laws in the strict sense, and lawlike statements, and tries to answer the question what conditions lawlike statements should fulfil, if they are to be given the rank of laws. Bunge mentions four essential criteria which enable the acceptance of a large group of statements as laws:1. the condition of bring a posteriori; 2. the condition of general validity in a given aspect.; 3. the possibility of empiric confirmation, and 4. the inclusion of the statement in a certain system (theory).The conditions traditionally mentioned, such as necessity, causality, credibility, simplicity are not necessary in the classification of statements as scientific laws.

The almost explosive progress of modern physics increases to a very great extent our knowledge of matter and energy, of space and time, elucidating many an obscurity. Yet at the same time this development also increases the number of unsolved problems. The text of this article consists, as it were, two themes intertwining with one another. One presents the actual state of the physics of elementary matter particles, and its bonds with one another and with energy. This part of physicis making the quickest progress of all the progresses of other branches. The second theme shows the unsolved problems mentioned above. Here they are: The nature of electricity and magnetism. — Real „elementarness” of the known elementary particles. — The ware-corpuscular nature of matter. — The principle of indeterminacy. — Granularity of electrons. — Structure of the outer shell of nuclei. — The problem of many bodies. — Electrons in the lattices of metals, semiconductors and insulators. — Differences in matter densities, — Equivalence of energy and matter. — The true nature of protons and neutrons. —: Pauli’s Principle. — The true nature of gravitation. — The nature of inner nuclear forces. — The nature of the forces proton-electron in a neutron. — The exponential law of decay. — The nature of difference between particles and antiparticles. — Strange particles. — The very small number of stable kinds of particles. — Why the electrical charges are integer numbers. — The existance of quarks. — Hypothetical aggregations of antimatter. — The overwhelming majority of particles over antiparticles in the Universe. — Original separations of particles from antiparticles.

Science performs different functions: it describes, explains, tests (verifies) hypotheses. It seems that explaining is the fundamental scientific function, and it is connected with the verification (testing) of the hypothesis. In this work the author presents some ideas connected with this problem.The verification or testing of the hypothesis as well as the probabilistic explanation may be expressed in the following way:The probabilistic explanation consists in the educing from the hypothesis H of an explanandum recognized beforehand in a finite number of steps which have a probabilistic value.The verification or testing of the hypothesis H consists in the educing from it of ian a priori not recognized assertainoble fact in a finite number of steps which have a probabilistic value.If in the above mentioned formulations the terms are mutually replaced: verification (testing) of the hypothesis, a priori not recognized, assertainable fact — by the formulations: probabilistic explanation, a priori recognized, explanandum — one of these terms changes into the other and the reverse. This proves that the notions of explanation and testing are dual in relation to each other. Designating the successively corresponding terms by X, Y, Z we shall get the following scheme for both analyzed notions:X consists in educing from hypothesis H the YZ in a finite number of steps which have a probabilistic value.If we really explain something in a probabilistic way, we must, at the same time test the proper hypothesis. If we really test a hypothesis, we simulataneously explain something in a probabilistic way.

The aim of this paper is to present a possible complete list of different formulations aspiring to play the role of the so-called Cosmological Principle (CP) and to discuss their deductive power, the questions connected with the so-called Perfect CP are not treated in the present paper.

In der Abhandlung wird eine selektive Charakteristik von Typen und Funktionen der Modelle dargestellt, die in den Naturwissenschaften, besonders in der Physik angewandt und mehr representativ sind.Im ersten Teil enthält der Beitrag eine Besprechung analogischer, gedanklicher, beschreibender, mechanischer und theoretischer Modelle. Da die von einem neopositivistischen Profil Theoretiker des Naturwissenschaftskreises, haben, im Grunde genommen, die These von Suppes zum Grundsatz gemacht, dass in den Naturwissenschaften derselbe Begriff eines Modells ist, wie in der Mathematik, ist die besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf die letzten gelenkt worden. Unterschiede sind nur in der Gebrauchseinweisung dieses Begriffs zu suchen. Diese Stellung erleutend, sind die Naturwissenschafstheorien in syntaktischen und sematischem Aspekt analysiert, und die spezifischen Merkmale der Modelle solcher Theorien dargestellt worden. Solches Spezifikum kommt besonders beim Interpretationsproblem der aksjomatisierten Naturwissenschaftstheorien heraus. Es wurden verschiedene Formen einer empirischen Interpretation, ihre Bedingungen und Differenzmerkmale im Verhältnis zu einer semantischen Interpretation, dargestellt. Besonders diskutabel ist die empirische, partialle Interpretation. Deshalb sind auch die sehr kontroversen Punkte dieser Interpretation auseinandergesetzt, ohne jedoch enen Standt- punkt zu irgendwelchen von dargestellten Stellungen eingenommen zu haben.Es kommt heraus, dass für den Bedarf der Naturwissenschaftstheorien, eine syntaktisch-semantische Charakteristik, ungenügend ist. Ergänzende Rolle sollen in dieser Beziehung die Analysen der Funktionen spielen, welche die Modelle in einer wissenschaftlichen Forschung haben. Deshalb spricht der zweite Teil der Abhandlung über die Aufgabe der Funktionen eines Modells, die für die deduktiven — und Naturwissenschaften geeignet sind. Die Modellen üben in der Metatheorie der deduktiven Wissenschaften, im Verhältnis zu den apragmatischen Eigenschaften der formalen Systeme denen die Widerspruchsfreicheit, die Selbstständigkeit, die Vollständigkeit und die Vollheit angehören, eine kontrollierende Funktion aus. In der Methodologie der Naturwissenschaften, wird ausserdem die systematisierende (erklärende, prediktive), heuristische, repräsentierende, psychologische und die verifizierende Funktion analysiert.Im letzten Teil dieser Abhandlung wurde ein Versuch über die Teilung verschiedener Gattungen der Modelle angestellt. Die Teilung ist von verschieden, obwohl übereinstimmenden Standpunkten aus gemacht worden.

The author expatiates his own conception of bioplasma, the theory formulated in 1967 which supposes plasma to be the basis of bioenergetic. Life is of an electric nature, its disposing forces are magnetic.1. The ”life of plasma. The semiconductiveness of albumins and tissues has been previously shown. Analogies between semiconductive processes and plasma processes suggest that biologic processes are accompanied by plasma phenomena and may be their basis. In order to ,,live,, plasma must ”die” (the processes of ionization and recombination). This is the basis of the energetics of the plasma. The state of plasma is connected with the binding of energy, that is with the stabilization and destabilization as a result of the release of energy in the recombination. In this way plasma enters energetic dependences with its surroundings. It gathers energy temporarily and loses it in radiation.2. Plasma — semiconductors — ferrites. In this case we are concerned with plasma in a solid body, especially in organic semiconductors. The author pays greater attention to semiconductors which are able to form paramagnetic centres and the reception of mechanic information. Piezoelectric ferrites belong to this group. The analogy becomes more complete because plasma is diamagnetic, it can, however, assume the characteristic features of paramagnetics. It is, besides* piezoelectric. A wave of electric polarization,, spin waves and acoustic waves can be transferred by ferrites. The connection of electric and magnetic, acoustic and thermal, optic and chemical phenomena permits the treatment of ferrites as plasma led in the molecular field of organic compounds.3. Physical plasma i ? biological systems. In living systems there exists a set of conditions for the production of ’’electric symmetry” which is the basis of plasma (the balance of negative and positive particles), and also “magnetic symmetry” in the form of conversions from dia — to paramagnetism (in short ”dia — par”). The basis of the former are either chemical processes with the forming of radicals in an enzymatic way, or radiolysis, ions, hydrogen bridges, hydrating electrons and protons. In the first approach chemical processes may be treated, in mass, as plasma. Magnetic symmetry takes place then thanks to the paramagnetic atoms Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Cu which form complexes with porphyrins, field or, free radicals of a paramagnetic character. There are foundations for the acceptance of plasma in the solid body of an albuminous semiconductor which often has the characteristic features of a ferrite.4. Bioplasma. Biological processes are characterized by the accumulation and release of energy. This constitutes the life of plasma, as has been proved above. The various terminology used in connection with energetic transitions is an approach to the same problem from different points of view:Stabilization — degradation = plasma definitionionization — recombination = ion definitionheating — cooling = thermodynamic definitionreduction — oxygenation = redox definitioncompression — decompression = mechanic definitiondiamagnetism — paramagnetism = magnetic definitionacceptor — donor = semiconductor definitionanagolism — katabolism — biological definitionadsorption — emission — electromagnetic definitionThe radiation of plasma which pertains to its nature as well as the weak luminescence in the scale of the visible spectrum accompanying biological processes are not an accidental coincidence. The processes of accumulating and releasing energy in an independent way, as it is expressed in words, are connected with the emission of photons. This is a moment which has not hitherto been taken into consideration in the metabolism of living systems. The chemical reactions of albuminous semiconductors together with the accompanying phenomena of radiation are life. But these are also the characteristic features of plasma. We shall here call it bioplasma.5. Electromagnetic effects of bioplasma. The radiation of plasma may be an information system both informing the plasma itself, and giving information about its state to its setting. Two types of radiation are to be taken into consideration:a) that of the component elements of plasma (recombinative radiation, brakings and Larmor radiation), andb) the radiation of plasma as a whole (plasma waves and magnetohydrodyna- mic waves).The first kind may be connected with the small degree of biological luminescence. It certainly constitutes the impulse for another act of anabolism after the katabolic disintegration (decomposition). The second kind of radiation is probably the basis of general control of bioplasmic processes in the whole system. The relations between these two types of radiation, which control the processes of differentiation as well as that of biological integration are shown in Fig. 1. The widening of the band has the characteristic features of evolution.The above mentioned kinds of ’’symmetry” of energetic states of bioplasma may be the basis for notation with the help of the system (0) and (1). Bioplasma is an excellent basis for coding information with the help of the system (0) and (1). Plasma and electromagnetic phenomena are the basis of bioenergetics, and the control of its course.

Dans la Constitution Gaudium et Spes on lit que le Concile a tâche de déchiffrer „les signes du temps” parce que la humanité est entrée dans une époque nouvelle du développement qui est caractérisée, entre autres, par une conception évolutive du monde. En égard à cette perspective on est en train de discuter sur le début de l’âme humaine et ces débats concernent les tentatives de changer la manière de regarder sa genèse et les essais de l’incorporer dans le processus général de révolution du monde.La conception traditionelle de la création de l’âme humaine par Dieu du néant, refuse la possibilité du dérivé évolutif de celle-ci de la matière préexistente. Dans l’argumentation traditionelle on souligne que l’âme raisonable également dans son existence et dans son origine ne dépend pas intérieurement de la matière, car celle-ci n’est rien de corporel, mais c’est une substance spirituelle. Aujord’hui cette idée commence à lutter avec la conception évolutive de la genèse de l’âme humaine. La notion évolutive de la création du l’âme humaine ne voit pas deux lignes de création, scil. de la matière et des âmes spirituelles, comme celle traditionelle, mais une ligne du développement du cosmos, notamment de la substance matérielle'à la substance spirituelle. Le point critique et en même temps celui qui permet de distinguer la création dans le sens traditionell et la création dans le sens évolutif c’est le problème de la genèse et non celui de la nature spirituelle et de l’immortalité de l’âme humaine.La base de la différence entre les partisants de la compréhension traditionelle et évolutive de la genèse de l’âme spirituelle c’est le principe préalable du fixisme dans le premier cas et de l’évolutionisme dans le second cas. Tous les arguments d’une part et de l’autre ont une valeur autant qu’on la possèdent les principes premières. D’ou la valeur de la thèse, sur la nécessité de la création immédiate de l’âme humaine sans aucun rapport à la matière antérieure, est basée sur les principes de la philosophie fixistique de l’invariabilité d’espèces, et non sur l’analyse des essences matérielles et spirituelles mêmes. Le fixisme eclue la naissance évolutive des espèces, d’où il exclue la genèse évolutive de l’âme humaine.Sur la base des principes évolutives, la genèse de l’âme humaine de l’étoffe matérielle antérieure on peut considérer comme une élévation, ou bien une transformation par une intervention spéciale de Dieu, d’une partie de la couche espace- -temporelle au niveau de la couche éternell-immanente.Eu égard à la transformation de la couche matérielle en spirituelle, nous pouvons parler d’une véritable intervention créatrice de Dieu, par contre, eu égard à la transformation de l’étoffe matérielle en spirituelle, de la genèse évolutive de l’âme humaine. De cette manière l’âme humaine serait liée génétiquement avec l’étoffe matérielle, cependant, sa nature dépasserait complètement le niveau d’issue, le terme a quo, étant d’une nature spirituelle. Cette idée évolutive de la genèse de l’âme humaine ne détruira pas, mais élargira le dépôt philosophique traditionel.

In the course of my further investigations on the influence of mercury iones and that of light on green plants, the influence of these two factors on morphology and the size of chloroplasts was investigated. The investigations were carried out on duckweed Lemna perpusilla Torrey (species 6609). The behaviour of chloroplasts under the direct influence, and consequent effects of mercury iones were analyzed. It was found, as a result of the investigations that mercury iones check the process of shrinking of the plastids in darkness. Large quantities of iones Hg++ cause the agglutination of chloroplasts in darkness only in certain parenchymal cells. Mercury iones increase their toxicity in light. In older cells, situated farther from the meristem, they cause complete chlorosis of the plastids. In other cells, which are nearer the middle segment they cause the quick agglutination of chloroplasts, and in the following period, with the concentration Hg Cl2 1 X 10“8 M/l they cause the blistering of plastids. Blistered chloroplasts reassume their original forms as the mercury iones are diffused out of the cells.