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1. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Piotr Moskal

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What determines whether the procedures for proving the affirmative statement of God's existence may be called a proof? Certainly, it is necessary that all premises be true and that a reliable inference schemata be applied. One premise appears to be the most critical in the theistic argument. This premise is theprinciple of sufficient reason. I hold the view that the principle of sufficient reason cannot be found among the premises of any metaphysical explanation of reality,so I suggest that the terms 'proof and 'argument' not be used. Instead, we could speak of ways of acquiring discursive knowledge of God and ways of indirectsubstantiation of God's existence.
2. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Martin Poulsom

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The theories of Darwinian evolution and Intelligent Design appear to be locked in an intractable debate, partly because they offer rival scientific explanationsfor the phenomenon of descent with modification in biology. This paper analyses the dispute in two ways: firstly, it seeks to clarify the exact nature of thelogical flaw that has been alleged to lie at the heart of Intelligent Design theory. Secondly, it proposes that, in spite of this error, the Intelligent Design theory advocated by Michael Behe takes at least one significant step in the right direction. Although Behe's suggestion is promising, it is shown to be not nearly radicalenough.
3. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Fedor Stanzhevskiy

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4. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Robert Simpson

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Contemporary proponents of theodicy generally believe that a theodical reply to the evidential argument from evil must involve some appeal to the afterlife. In Richard Swinburne's writings on theodicy, however, we find two arguments that may be offered in opposition to this prevailing view. In this paper, these two arguments - the argument from usefulness and the argument from assumed consent - are explained and evaluated. It is suggested that both of these argumentsare rendered ineffective by their failure to distinguish between the different ways in which persons may be of-use in the attainment of some good state of affairs.
5. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Saladdin Ahmed

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Most Westem scholars define Sufism as the spirituality of Islam or the mystical version of Islam. It is thought to be the inward approach to Islam that emerged and flourished in the non-Arab parts of the Islamic world. Most scholars like William Stoddart think that Sufism is to Islam what Yoga is to Hinduism, Zen to Buddhism, and mysticism to Christianity (Stoddart 1976, p. 19). In this essay, I will shed light on the major lines and elements in the philosophy of Sufism. I willtry to give a concrete account of Sufism by introducing its major features within the relevant Islamic tradition and history.
6. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Jarosław Paszyński

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Thomas von Aquin geht davon aus, dass Gott die erste und einzige Ursache der Wirklichkeit ist, und somit alle Vollkommenheiten der geschaffenen Seienden in Gott auf eminente und vollkommene Weise zu finden sind. Deswegen ist die Weisheit aufgmnd der Analogie als Eigenschaft Gottes zu verstehen, und zwar als Wesenseigenschaft. Diese Weisheit besteht in der Erkenntnis, mit der Gott sich selbst erkennt. Die Weisheit bezieht sich auch auf die zweite Person der Trinität, die als das gezeugte Wort die Weisheit des Vaters ist. Betreffs des Schöpftingswerkes ist Gott als Schöpfer nicht nur causa efficiens der Seienden, sondern auch causa exemplaris und causa finalis. Mit der causa exemplaris ist die Weisheit Gottes gemeint.
7. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Grzegorz Hołub

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The article is primarily concemed with the ambiguities which surround the concept of the person. According to the philosophical tradition taking its roots from Locke's definition, personhood depends on consciousness. Therefore, 'personhood' can be ascribed to different entities, and only these entities acquire a moral standing. This can entail that a human being may or may not be considered as a person, as well as higher animals and even artificial machines. Everything depends on manifest personal characteristics. In order to sort out different meanings ascribed to 'person,' I distinguish between being a person and acting as a person. Then, I show that a human being is a paradigm of the person and his being always precedes his acting.
8. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Henryk Machoń

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Der Beitrag präsentiert wesentliche Bestandteile von Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre mit einigen kritischen Bemerkungen. Als repräsentatives Beispiel seiner philosophischen Position, die zugleich die Gmndlage seines wissenschaftlichen Systems bildet, steht Fichte den Streit zwischen zwei möglichen philosophischen Systeme dar: dem Idealismus und dem Dogmatismus. In Auseinandersetzung mit dem Dogmatismus findet er die Begründung für die idealistische Position durch die Analyse von Begriffen und Phänomenen wie Erfahmng, Bewusstsein, Erkenntnis und schließlich Freiheit. Die Freiheit, verstanden als eine bewusste Entscheidung, nötigt den Philosophen zur Wahl einer konkreten Form von Philosophie, weil sie davon abhängt, was für ein Mensch man ist.
9. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Kazimierz Rynkiewicz

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Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es, die Existenz von eventuellen Berührungspunkten zwischen Wittgenstein und Ingarden nachzuweisen. Nach einer kurzen Einfuhmng wird anfangs der Hintergrund der Analyse des Problems formuliert. Darauf hin werden die Positionen Wittgensteins Ontologie mit wenigen Begriffen und Ingardens dreistufige Ontologie jeweils skizzenhaft dargestellt und kritisch auf das Vorhandensein von gemeinsamen Gmndlinien geprüft. Als Gesichtspunkte gelten dabei folgende Begriffe: Ontologie, Weh und Mensch, Sprache und Ästhetik. Abschließend werden die charakteristischen Merkmale vonBerührungspunkten genannt.
10. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Robert Grzywacz

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L'article aborde la question de la fonction cognitive de la fiction. Le dernier terme englobe le langage métaphorique vif aussi bien que ce que l'on appelle «textes». La question considérée implique une théorie générale du discours, présentant celui-ci comme dialectique de I'événement et du sens. La métaphore,en tant qu'innovation sémantique, renvoie à la médiation d'un travail inventif de rimagination. Le problème qui s'ensuit conceme la référence des énoncés métaphoriques. Le récit, avec sa composition interne, introduit le thème du temps. C'est en lien avec l'expérience temporelle de l'action humaine que le récit de fiction s'entrecroise avec I'historiographie. La notion même de fiction en sort transformée par l'intermédiaire de l'activité heuristique de l'imagination.
11. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Michael-John Turp

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Gradually emerging from the so-called 'linguistic turn', philosophy in the second half of the twentieth century witnessed what we might follow P. M. S. Hacker in describing as a 'naturalistic turn'. This change of direction, an abandonment of traditional philosophical methods in favour of a scientific approach, or critics would say a scientistic approach, has met with widespread approval. In the first part of the paper I look to establish the centrality of the normative to the discipline of epistemology. I then turn to examine Quine's attempt to reduce normative discourse to instrumental rationality, and the more fully developed accounts provided by Stich, Kombiith and Papineau. I argue that these accounts fail because they insist on a constitutive connection between desires and the ends of epistemic activity. I conclude with the suggestion that a more plausible position severs this connection, in favour of an objective, externalist account of ends and reasons.
12. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Danuta Ługowska

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Science or myth? This question contains the basic problem, arising from the analysis of evolutionary psychology. The problem in question refers to the status of the interpretations of reality promoted by the evolutionists, in particular in reference to the human being. This article is an attempt to present an argument for the following thesis: firstly, that there are no scientific criteria for evaluating hypotheses in evolutionary psychology; and secondly that the theses of the discipline contain certain cultural contents - which until present times were carried by myth.
13. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen

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The leap from primitive to scientific time represented as the „time" in „relativity physics", or in „thermodynamics" or perhaps in „quantum physics" or even within „Statistical mechanics" is large. Large also is the conceptual difference between these various understandings of the nature of time. How are we really to understand these physical perspectives on time: As knowledge about the real nature of time represented by the objective concepts: Or as epistemologicaloperational abstractions that cannot avoid elevating their results to the level of full-fledged reality, to ontology?

book reviews and notices

14. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Adam Świezyński

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15. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Danuta Ługowska

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16. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Aleksandra Derra

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17. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Teresa Obolevitch

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18. Forum Philosophicum: Volume > 13 > Issue: 2
Paweł Urgacz

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