Roczniki Filozoficzne

The influence of Einstein relativistic ideas on quantum mechanics were shown in the early stage of foundation of quantum mechanics. The relativistic improvement of Bohr theory given by Sommerfeld, the Klein-Gordon relativistic equation, and the Dirac equation were described in respect to the particular example of hydrogen atom. Some consequences of Dirac theory as electron oscillations, antielectrons, antimatter and some, so far, uncleared interpretations were also underlined.

Discussions on cosmological themes between Einstein and Lemaître are briefly reported. The main topics of these discussions were: is the Universe static or expanding? the initial singularity problem, and the problem of the so-called cosmological constant. Report is partially based on non-published notes left by Lemaître in his private archive.

Einstein proposed three effects to verify GRT:1. gravitational red shift,2. gravitational deflection of light,3. advance of perihelium.The introductory discussion deals with the problem to which extent the effects (1-3) test the GRT. Some of them (1-2) test the basic principles of the GRT, mainly the equivalence principle <5>. The nature of the equivalence principle was shortly discussed <6>.The up to date results of the observational tests of the effects (1-3) were discussed:a) the Mössbauer effect to observe the gravitational red shift in the laboratory conditions,b) the use of the artificial satellites to test the gravitational red shift <1, 16, 20, 21>, deflection of light <2> and advance of perigeum <16> as a result of the Einstein's effect and that of Lense and Thirring <23>.There were analysed also other effects verifying GRT:c) suggested by Shiff <4, 5> the precession of the spin axis of a spherical gyroscope in a free orbit -around the non-rotating or rotating attracting body,d) echo delay of the radar waves reflected from the planets or planetary probes.The problem of the detection of the gravitational waves was discussed shortly in Weber-type <21; 24> experiments and Hulse’ and Taylors observations <25; 26>. 5

Einstein’s words „God is ingenious, but not malicious” can be understood as an ontological hypothesis ascribing a certain property to the world. This property can be intuitivly described by assuming that the universe has been created, or just imagined, by God, whose mind is subject to the same limitations, which are imposed on the human mind by language and mathematics.

According to Albert Einstein, physical sciences implicitly accept certain assumptions, among which three ones deserve a special attention:1° assumptions of the ontological type. He formulates one of them in the following way: „A belief in the existence of an external world independent of the cognizing subject, is the foundation of all the natural science”. (Another assumption says that there is a common causal bond between things and phenomena Einstein accepts the common causality).2° The second group of assumptions is constituted by epistemological suppositions. Einstein believes that the world is cognizable since it is rational in its structure. There is a correlation between purely intelectual constructions and the fundamental rules of the reality. Intelectual constructions are supplied 'with a physical sense by an experiment. The Correspondence between empirical and theoretical elements called harmonia praestahilita by G. Leibniz, was interpreted by Einstein according to the spirit of his epistemology.From the philosophy of B. Spinoza Einstein has borrowed the idea, that the knowledge about the world should have a deductive character, logically uniform, since the universe is one large substance which determines all the phenomena and processes. Nevertheless Einstein was closer to Leibniz’s attitude, according to which the order of the world is defined by the fundamental laws lying at the foundations of the planned construction of the world. Discovering these laws is the task of a physicist and cosmologist.Generally speaking philosophy performs the role of so called regulative ideas in relation to the natural sciences. A change of philosophical views can produce a revolution in sciences.

A sense of social responsibility was the reason why Einstein tried to overcome the need of loneliness, which was an important trait in liis character, in order to develop his socio-political activities. These activities were intensified as he gained recognition and then fame, which was caused by his scientific achievements. This was because he realized that along with his fame, the social importance of his declarations and his activities increases.Believing that knowledge should be developed for its own sake, Einstein insisted at the same time, that practical applications of the results of the experiments should be used to the humanity’s good. For a long time he was an active pacifist, but when Hitlerism came to power, he came to conclusion, that it constitutes such a great danger, that it is necessary to develop the arms to prevent the world from being conquered. This was the reason why in 1939 he signed a letter to President Roosevelt, in which he pointed to the necessity to carry on the experiments on the possibility to develop the atom bomb. Being aware of the fact that he shares in the responsibility for its realization, Einstein the stronger commited himself to the fight against the dangers of the nuclear war in the last decade of his life.

In the article three versions distinguished in the semantic conception of scientific theories are subjected to an analysis. The first one is represented by J. Sneed, W. Stegmüller; the second one by F. Suppe, B. C. van Fraassen, P. Suppes; and the third one by JML Bunge, M. Przełęcki, R. Wójcicki. As far as the essence is concerned, the problem of (the structure of the scientific theories and their cognitive value exhibited in the conceptual framework of particular orientations of the semantical approach, which condition a justified acceptance and rejection of the theory, have been distinguished in these versions. A philosophical context for these problems has been pointed too.

The aim of paleobiophysics is to reconstruct the oldest stages of Life physics on the basis of structural and functional relics. The present litosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere constitute a degraded state of matter. According to Kuhn and Kittmann, the primitive plasma is found in the Earth nucleus. Life is a relic, which has been transmitting the undegraded state of matter for five thousand million years. This is because life is connected with a general excited state of the system. Three parallel processes. — metabolism, biolaser effects and bioplasma — are distinguished by excitement and degradation of this state, which accompanies a release of energy. Molecular evolution conditioned not only the efficiency of chemical processes, but also the development of electrical and magnetic properties of biomass. These features constitute the empirical basis for bioelectronics. The author discusses the quantum magnetic processes more thoroughly. The evolution led through free paramgnetic atoms of transition metals to their organic complexes and perhaps through the stage of ferrocene, non-existent today. On the other hand, the role of ferredoxin can be investigated phylogenetlcally. It probably plays the role of a molecular antenna receiving weak signals of EM (organic ferrite). The functionality of DNA can be explained by the complexes of bivalent iron and purines. Life has used not only electrons, but also their spin states.In a living system working as a nonlinear quantum oscillator there are proper conditions for self-synchronization. Acceptance of term „bioplasma” explains the self-excitation of the system by its own^plasma frequencies. The author also gives an outline of relativistic biophysics. Biological events happen in a four-dimension space, with time distinguishing itself by a phylogenetic load. The isolation of a living system from its environment is done by a surface condensation of charges (electrostasis). Further individualization is done by producing biological membranes. The author modifies Mitchell’s chemical-osmotic theory, by understanding water as a proton semiconductor and the electronic processes related to it. The article is the first part of quantum paleobiophysics.

Das Problem der Suibstantialität und folglich des Verhältnisses der menschlichen Seele zum Leiib stellt die schwierigste Frage, ein wahres „Kreutz” für die Anthropologen dar. Zur Lösung dieser Fragen führen zwei Wege, der eine traditionelle und der andere evolutive. Die traditionelle Lehre, nach welcher die menschliche Seele aus Nichts entsteht, nimmt die Suibstantialität und die hylemorphische Zusammensetzung dieser mit dem Leiib an. Dagegen die evolutive Theorie, nach welcher die menschliche Seele von dem Menschen erwächst, schli esst die selbstständige Suibstantialität dieser und das Modell der hylernorphischen Zusammensetzung aus und in Konsequenz löst auf eine andere Weise das Problem ihrer Substantialität.Die evolutive Theorie der Genese der menschlichen Seele setzt voraus, dass den Ausgangspunkt der Seele die raumzeitliche, dagegen den Zugangspunkt die geistige, d.i. freie von den raumzeitlichen Fesseln Wirklichkeit bildete. Diese Überschreitung und Erhebung gechieht in jedem einzelnen Menschen und betrifft sowohl die Ebene seiner Natur, als auch seiner Aktivität. Auf der anschaulichen Ebene hat sich diese Transzendenz in den kulturellen Inhalten geoffenSbart, und auf der ontologischen Ebene hat sich in der Entstehung der geistigen Schicht im Wesen des Menschen verwirklicht. Diese Überschreitung und die Aufhebung des sinnlichen tierischen Psychismus auf das geistige Niveau Ist bei der Erhaltung der evolutiven Kontinuität aibgehalten, was für die neue Lösung des Problems der Substantialität der Seele grundlegend und entscheidend ist. Nämlich, wenn dlie menschliche Seele auf diese Weise entstanden ist, so kann man weder die Zusammensetzung der Seile mit dem Leib, noch den psychophysischen Parallelismus und Identismus annehmen. Diese Lösung möchte sowohl die Scilla des Dualismus, als auch die Charybdis des Identismus und Reduktionismus vorzubeugen. Folgerichtig lässt weder das Zutreten der Seele zum Leib von aussen und von innen, noch die Identifizierung dieser beiden im Sinne des materialistischen oder spiritualistischen Monismus zu.Die evolutive Auffassung der menschlichen Seele erfasst diese weder als selbs- ständige Substanz, noch als die Wirklichkeit, die auf irgendeine Weise mit dem Leib verbunden ist. Der Mensch bildet eine einzige Substanz, derer Teil durch die Loslösung von den raumzeitlichen Fesseln aul das geistige Niveau aufgehoben ist. Durch diese Aufhebung und die Umwandlung entstand weder neue, noch die vorherige .Substanz auf die zwei neuen auf geteilt wurde. Die Differenzierung des Wesens des Menschen auf die materielle und geistige Schicht hat sich mit Hilfe der göttlichen Intervention vollzogen. Diese zwei Niveaus kann man weder trennen, noch gleichsetzen. Diese Schichtung betrifft sowohl die Seinsals auch die Handluhgsebene des Menschen. Die neue Lösung klärt also das Problem der Substantialität der Seele und das Leib-Seele-Problem als das Verhältnis zwischen den zwei seinsartig differenzierten Niveaus der einem menschlichen Substanz. Aufgrund des geistigen Niveau schafft der Mensch die geistige Welt der Wissenschaft der Kunst und der Religion und damit eröffnet sich auf die Unendlichkeit, Aevum und Ewigkeit. Die völlige Umwandlung und völlige Transzendenz über die raumzeitlichen Dimensionen wird sich erst im Moment des Todes, das ist im Moment der Auferstehung, für den Menschen verwirklichen.

The subject of the article is François Jacob's conception of Me. Its aim is to present the main points of this conception and to explain its sources and philosophical conditionings. The article consists of three parts. The first part shows that the discusised conception . of life was formed under the influence of several philosophical trends originated in France. The article discusses three trends: the Cartesian-Spin ozean intellectualism, positivism, an evolution. The second part is devoted to an analysis of this conception of life. The conception consists of two aspects: historical and actual. In the historical aspect Jacob examines the past and elicits from it the consequences of the idea about the structure of the life object. In the actual aspect he undertakes an appraisal of the two attiudes o the cognition of the nature of life: evolutionistic and reductionistic, which are opposed to each other. From this statement the formulation of his own attitude begins. The crutial point in Jacob’s reasoning is the analysis if the programme. The programme is a plan directing the details in the formation of an organism. In order to visualize and explain the work of the programme in an organism the author makes use of a model of the electronic calculator. The model is used in order to understand the process of reproduction. In presenting his vision of the development of the world of life, Jacob introduces in his reasoning non-biological cathegories. He does this in order to show that at the present stage of natural and philosophical knowledge one does not have to look for an explanation of the nature of life in metaphysics, or accept the mechanistic explanation. In the final conclusion the author states that the molecular biology data definitively explains the problem of the nature of life. The nature of life is contained in the mechanical memory, and the only value of life is reproduction. The third part of the article is devoted to a discussion of the cognitive value of the presented conception. The article assumes an attitude towards the following questions: the role of molecular biology in cognizing the nature of life; the value of the chosen linear model in showing the work of the organism and adequacy of the terminology used.

The article presents a general characteristics of linear lyotropic liquid crystals, and also presents a review of works concerning the liquid crystalline structure of membrane lipids as well as showis what importance the liquid crystalline character of lipids can have for the functioning of biomembranes. Also a model of biological membranes consistent with the results of research on the liquid crystalline nature of membrane lipids is discussed.