|
1.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Jerzy Strojnowski
Jerzy Strojnowski
Families with Disturbed Offspring
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
This is an introductory article which presents a part of research led In Department of Group Dynamics and Psychotherapy in Catholic University of Lublin. The papers published here dealt with works done within the frameworks of Central Research Program No 08.3 and II.4-VI.1 coordinated by Institute of Social Pathology and Rehabilitation in Warsaw University. This program is untitled "Interpersonal relations in families with ill or maladjusted offspring” and is directed by the author.The research is based on the assumption that every illness is a phenomenon occurring within a family, thus dependent from family life and influencing it. This assumption is showed clearly by the example of schizophrenia disease.The author briefly presents the articles published below and shows their importance as far as the problems of family life are concerned. Some papers not published here but connected thematically with the contents of this "Annals” are also presented. These are: reports of T. Molenda and E. Sztomberska dealing with parental attitudes of parents of schozophrenics, report of K. Międlarz concerning the communication defects in parents of schizophrenics and some papers dealing with the ways of helping problem families. The last mentioned ones include the concept of family pathology and therapy by H.E. Richter described by D. Przewoźnik, the trial of applying group dynamics techniques in family education made by M. Borucka and a theory of interpersonal relations in family by Th. Gordon worked out by B. Dural.
|
|
|
2.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Jolanta Sosińska
Jolanta Sosińska
Perception of Parental Attitudes and Needs Structure in Young Persons Suffering fron Schizophrenia in Comparison with Normal Siblings
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The above article presents the problem of differences In parental attitudes perception in schizophrenics and their normal siblings. Those differences were related to the needs structure of schizophrenics and their siblings.A group of 30 schizophrenics was compared with the group of their 30 normal siblings. The methods used were: Adjective Check List and a Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire.Actually, all researched persons suffering from schizophrenia perceived their parents in a different way than their siblings. There were considerable qualitative differences between the way of perceiving mother's attitudes and father’s ones. Schizophrenic patients perceived their mother in categories of emotional coolness as domineering, requiring and punishing while normal siblings saw her in categories of emotional warmth as loving, involved in contact with the child, trying to understand and help the child. There was a reversal tendency in perceiving father's attitudes. Schizophrenic saw him as a warm and forgiving man who used to be effusive towards the child, helped the child, paid much attention and tried to prevent the child from unpleasant experiences. In siblings perception fathers imposed demands and watched their fulfillment, was not much involved in motional contact with the child and remained cool in their relations.The parental roles of mother and ffcther were reversed In ill children perceptions. Those differences were greater among women than among men. Thus sex appeared to be an important variable influencing the perception of parental attitudes.Some differences were also noticed in the needs structure of researched persons. Schizophrenic showed greater intensity of the following needs: succordance by others, abuse, submission and guidance and lower intensity of the need of dominance, autonomy, aggression and change. They were characterized by a smaller strength of needs connected with activity and task functioning and by a greater strength of needs motivating to submit to the environment. A reversal tendency could he observed among their normal siblings. Again those differences were greater between ill and normal women than between ill and normal men.The research proved that there was a relationship between some needs and parental attitudes perception. However, it was not possible to establish which of these two variables determine another. Also the problem - why and how some needs Influence a certain way of perceiving one's parents still remains to be researched and explained.
|
|
|
3.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Tomasz Tyra
Tomasz Tyra
Theoretical and Descriptive Aspects of Borderline Personality Disorder
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The purpose of the paper was to collect review several theoretical approaches towards the Borderline Personality Disorder which is a new diagnostic category in American "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM).First, the paper presents the historical development of borderline concept and then the contemporary views on this disorder. The trials of gathering the diagnostic criteria are also presented. Kemberg's view is a psychodynamic one; he gave the description of borderline personality organization. The borderline syndrome circumscribed by R. Grinker et al. was one of the first trials of utilizing systematic empirical studies of patients with statistical analyses. J. G. Gunderson's borderline personality disorder is the most close up to the DSM-III criteria. And the work of J. C. Perry and G. L. Klerman was a trial of generalizing the views mentioned above.The second part of the paper presents some problems of differential diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder, especially the differences between Borderline and psychoses.
|
|
|
4.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Małgorzata Szewczyk
Małgorzata Szewczyk
The Structure of Families with Diabetic Children
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
This article deals with a problem of family functioning with a diabletic child. It was assumed that child's diabetes influences the family life as other long-term illnesses. The research was suspected to answer the following questions:1) What are the adaptive behaviors showed in family life space diagrams and in interviews with parents?2) Are these adaptive behaviors similar to those in case of other long-term illnesses?3) Is there an association between effective or non-effective ways of adaptation and the course of illness and using the method of self-control which is the basis of treating diabetes?In order to analyze the ways of functioning of families with diabetic children Mostwin's method of family life space drawing was used. The author presents this method very circumstantially, as well as the way of conducting the research and Interpreting its results. The second method used was a directed interview based on adaptive behaviors strategies described by R. Lesser.The research led in six families showed that each family was characterized by different structure and functioning. However, it was possible to establish some interesting regularities. The results led to the following conclusions:1) Mostwin's method of family life space diagram proved to be effective in analyzing the ways of functioning of families with diabetic children.2) Some irregularities in family functioning were attached to treating the illness as a disgrace or misfortune. In these cases the famines avoided thinking and talking about the illness.3) The illness might be treated by parents as an instrument |n interpersonal competition or by a child to force some behaviors.4) The biggest maladjustment of families was attached with avoidinginformation about the illness and the lack of prompting to independence. Ill children in these families were characterized by less advantageous development and worse personal functioningThe adjustment of a family correlated with openness in imparting information and expressing feelings as well as with child's independence.4) Adaptive behaviors in families with diabetic children were similar to those applied in families with children suffering from other long-term illnesses
|
|
|
5.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Halina Misiewicz
Halina Misiewicz
The Relations Between Siblings in Families with a Child Mentally Handicapped in Light Degree
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
This article deals with the interpersonal relations between siblings in families with a child mentally handicapped in light degree. An assumption was made that those relations differ essentially from those in families without a mentally handicapped child.The research was led among 10 pairs of siblings (one of them mentally handicapped in light degree) using the following methods: Family Relations Indicator (FRI) by Howells and Lickorish and Family Drawind Test by Braun-Gałkowska. The small number of the researched population was due to the difficulties and time-consuming but it enabled the author to analyze profoundly each case and trace some psychological phenomena occurring in those pairs.The results (arranged into certain categories) showed that relations between siblings were various but some general properties could also £e indicated. The relations were not positive. They lacked proper contact between siblings, mutual understanding, respecting rights, sharing interests and activities. Healthy children rivaled their handicapped siblings for parental love and position in the family. The rivalry arose in majority from the subjective feeling parents showed favoritism to the handicapped siblings. Some normal children granted their siblings ambivalent, emotions but negative ones (among them aggression) were more frequent. Mentally handicapped children rather tended to show considerateness to their siblings and emphasized their value. Both handicapped and normal children had difficulties in family communication, did not accept the present family situation (mainly normal children) and in majority experienced separation from the family. They showed anxiety (mainly normal children) and the most frequently used defense mechanism was repression.Some hypotheses elucidating the results and conclusions were also introduced.
|
|
|
6.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Grażyna Francuz
Grażyna Francuz
Psychological Analysis of Relations Occuring in Step Families
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The research presented here is concerned with the children perception of relations in their step families in comparison to natural families. Two groups of children were examined. The experimental group consisted of 30 children aged 5 to 6 coming from step families. The control group contained 30 children from natural families. The data were gathered by the means of the Family Relations Test, Family Drawing Test and interview about the family.Some considerable differences were established concerning the relations between children and their relatives in natural and step families. Children from step families gave more positive feelings (love, closeness, warmth) to their parents than they acquired. They felt the lack of parental love, acceptance, close connections. Often they showed emotional disorders, inhibition, lack of courage and strong anxiety. Those! children had less positive feelings towards their fathers than step-fathers and felt more distant from them. However the relations between children and fathers in step families were weaker than in natural ones. Generally - children from step families were less attached to their step-father than to their father. The emotional relations with mother were also weaker. Children (especially boys) felt more negative feelings from her than in natural families.The only-children arid siblings were compared within the group of step-children. Siblings proved to have better relations with their parents. But the emotional relations between siblings in stepfamilies were weaker than in case of natural families. On the other hand, step-children had significantly stronger relations with their distant family (especially grandparents).The comparison of drawings made by single-mother-children and step-children proved that the former had worse relations with parents. They showed higher level of anxiety, inhibition, shyness and did not accept the present family situation.In spite of all difficulties connected with the family reconstruction the children in such families seem to be in a better situation than single-mother-children.In the discussion the author proposes some explanations of the phenomena occurring in step families. They are usually due to the fact of divorce and reconstruction of the family.
|
|
|
7.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Miroslav Górczyński
Miroslav Górczyński
The Effects of Remarriage on School Children's Self-Concept
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
This report deals with problems of step family. The point was how a child*s situation changes if a divorced parent (bringing the child up alone so far) decides on a second marriage. In the course of the research an attempt was made to establish an influence of reconstruction on deadening harmful consequences of splitting up a family in children. The particular aim of this research was description and explanation of an influence of family reconstruction on the self-image and self-concept of children belonging to this family. The self-concept was defined as a complex structure including many different elements which controls the mechanism of self-perception and self-understanding.On the basis of literature review the author formulated the following hypotheses:1) Family reconstruction has an advantageous influence on the situation of a child brought up so far by single mother.2) The reconstruction causes the change of self-image in single-mother-children.3) The relationships between children and their relatives are better in step families.The research was led among two groups of children. One of them consisted of single-mother-children and the second consisted of children whose mothers contracted a second marriage some time after divorce. In sura sixty six children, in school age were tested, thirty three in each group. The following methods were used: a categorized interview, a questionnaire of author’s own construction used to select well-functioning families, a a list of fifty six adjectives of author's own construction by the means of J. Kostrzewski.The research allowed to catch some statistically significant differences of self-image between children in both types of families. Children from step families more often than single-mother-children described themselves as aggressive, absent-minded, courageous and careless. Those children had worse relations with their siblings. They accepted their step-father and had good relations with him. On the other hand single-mother-children described themselves as dependable, truth-telling, ambitious, timid, shy and excitable. They saw their relationships with their friends in better light. Children from both groups had good relations with mother and with other people. Very often they experienced fears and anxiety.Reconstruction seems not to increase or to decrease the child's self-concept but it seems to be rather advantageous for the child.The author suggests continuing these studies. More adequate methods should be used and other aspects of child's functioning should be taken into consideration.
|
|
|
8.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Jerzy Strojnowski
Jerzy Strojnowski
Family Background of Social Pathology
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
In this paper the author deals with such phenomena as delinquency, alcohol and drug abuse and their relations with family factors. He notices that family is a source of two types of inheritance. These are genetic inheritance and cultural one. The research led in a field of genetics proved that genetical factors are of great importance in the origin of delinquency and alcohol abuse. A part of this research, however, showed that In spite of biological factors the influence of social factors (especially family atmosphere) is also important.The author cites the results of research led in Polish juvenile delinquents concerning their family conditions. A conclusion may be drawn from them that disadvantageous features of family environment correlate with the appearance of Juvenile delinquency. It was also observed that the families of juvenile delinquents were often characterized by "clear pathology".As far as the origin of alcohol abuse is concerned the author formulates a conclusion that three factors may contribute to it. These are: genetical factor, ethnical one and deprivation of important emotional needs in childhood.Also the families of drug addicts were analyzed. In most cases they were disturbed. Drug abusers usually remained in infantile relationships with their parents. Also the family hierarchy was unproper, as the children had higher positions than their parents.In the end the author describes the self-help groups movement in America. They help improving the functioning of whole social environment and especially children of groups members. It may be stated that the knowledge about family problems and social pathology should help in healing the' society and the families themselves may have a serious contribution to it.
|
|
|
9.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Bogumiła Gaś,
Roman Pomianowski,
Barbara Wójcik
Bogumiła Gaś
System Family Therapy
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The article describes a therapy of six families. A new method of therapy - Short Term Multidimensional Family Intervention CSTMFI) by D. Mostwin was used. STMFI Is a time-limited, crisis oriented approach of a therapy team towards a family group. It is based an ecological orientation. Thus it is interested in the society in which a family lives and concentrate on communication processes among systems. An assumption was made here that family dysfunction is a result of its alienation. There are three basic rules of communication in interpersonal systems: a rule of homeostasis, a rule of behavioral sequence and a rule of symptom centralization. A notion of sub-systems is also important In tills therapy. It is said that the lack of clear borders of subsystems leads to dysfunction of a whole family system.The main aim of the STMFI is restoring the subjective picture of a family and its environment and reconstructing the functioning of sub-systems. A team of therapists is used as a main curative instrument. Each family member has his own therapists-spokesman. There is also one therapist-coordinator not Involved in any individual contact with family members. This therapy has the following goals: 1) restoring and widening the communication among the family members; 2) teaching cooperation; 3) reconstructing the family system; 4) improving communication between family and society. The therapeutic contact with a family according to the STMFI is planned for six weekly sessions. If necessary they may be repeated.The experiences of Lublin team with the STMFI model led to the following conclusions:1) Family therapy led after the STMFI Is particularly effective in those families where teenage children with their Indocile behaviors are the problem.2) When family crisis has some other reasons (e.g. personality disorders in family members) the STMFI is a good Instrument of family diagnosis but six therapeutic sessions are too little to cause positive changes in family structure.3) The main advantage of this model lies in the therapeutic team itself. It gives a profound insight in a disturbed family system.4) The different verbalizations of a "family problem" make it easy to understand by the family members and increase the chances of getting out of crisis.5) Getting into touch with institutions is an important therapeutic element.6) The homework is very difficult to do, especially in the first phase of the therapy. It requires a special motivation.7) The method gives the possibility of holistic look at family crisis.The experiences with six families gave the authors much satisfaction and sense of effective work.
|
|
|
|
10.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 4
Bronisława Strojnowscy,
Jerzy Strojnowscy
Bronisława Strojnowscy
The International Congress for Family Therapy
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
Family therapists from many countries met from 11th to 15th May 1987 in Praga on international congress. The congress was organized under auspices of World Health Organization by Family Therapy Section of Psychiatric Association which Is part of Czech Medical Association. The list of the participants contained about 1380 names. In "Abstracts" there were summaries of 316 pronouncements: reports, films, poster announcements; 20 of them were from Poland. Four plenary sessions (and one special) were held, each contained a lecture of a world-famous therapist and a panel discussion.It was mentioned by some therapists (La Perriere, Bloch) that family therapy is an exciting experience which brings about changes not only into a family but into a therapist too. Socio-political problems were also discussed. The therapists pointed at their connections With family life and family therapy, L.C. Wynne shared his observations on family therapy language. The conceptions of G. Bateson were reminded by his daughter M.C. Bateson and L.R. Allman. D. Reiss showed that studying family history and family code may be a way to understanding and restructuralisation of a given family. V. Satir demonstrated her skills by showing three different types of Interactions. The lecture of S. Minuchin was a presentation of his own view on history and present situation of family therapy. He characterized briefly the main ways of family therapy. J. Langmeier from Praga held a lecture under the title "From studying child deprivation to researching family Interaction". It was stated that children living in families also suffer from deprivation. I. Namysłowska from Warsaw compared Polish and Western family therapy. Two reports of participants from Lublin were placed in poster session; they both dealt with own experiences coming from using the Mostwin’s method in family therapy j Strojnowski presented a research led with use of the method in the Department of Group Dynamics and Psychotherapy in KUL and a medical experiment made in Youth Clinic of Lublin.The congress, however organized by World Health Organization, was only a meeting of the therapists from Western culture. Practically we did not learn anything about the family life and working with families in different cultures, especially African and Asiatic. On the other hand, those participants who were familiar with those cultures expressed the opinion that all family systems on our planet had the same bases and In* spite of their cultural background deal with similar problems.
|
|
|
|
11.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Adam Synowiecki
Adam Synowiecki
Abstraktion und essentiale Metaphysik
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
Im VI. Jahrhundert v. Chr. schufen die Griechen die Metaphysik. Im Mittelalter dagegen verwuchs sie mit der christlichen Theologie und hatte sich als Hauptziel ihrer Suche Gott gesetzt. In moderner Zeit verschlechterte sich zwar die Situation der Metaphysik - hauptsächlich aus methodologischen Gründen - deutlich, aber doch ist es heutzutage durchaus nicht begründet, sie als Scheinwissen abzutun. Dies betrifft unter anderem die Metaphysik des Wesens, die in der Theorie des Seienden den Wesenshegriff /essentia/ präferiert, aber das Dasein /existentia/ als Deszendent des Seins /esse/ annimmt.Zwar haben wir keinen definierten Begriff für das Sein als Sein, aber trotzdem ist seine Abstraktion möglich: in der metaphysischen Abstraktion trennen wir es von der "natürlichen Wirklichkeit" ab als eine geheimnisvolle Realität der Dinge, uns gegeben und übermittelt im Wort "ist". Mit einem so bestimmten metaphysischen Abstraktum verschmelzen im Geist andere Abstrakta: mit von der physischen Abstraktion herausgeschälten Komplexe qualifizierender /wesentlicher/ Eigenschaften der Dinge sowie von der mathematischen Abstraktion abgetrennte quantitative Eigenschaften. Deren eigentümliches "Ein- fliessen” /infusio/ in das "Sein als solches" führt dazu, dass ihnen durch das Subjekt der Status seiender Allgemeinheiten zuge- sohrieben wird, die objektiv "sind”, obwohl man ihnen keinreales /den Einzeldingen dienendes/ Dasein zusprechen kann.Eben solchen Status besitzen unter anderem die von den Dingen abgetrennten und mit dem Sein verschmolzenen quantitativen Komplexe, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit als metaphysische Quanten bezeichnet werden. Deren Transformationen im Prozess einer Infinitisation führten einst Nicolaus Cusanus zur Bestätigung der metaphysischen Wahrheit, dass es ausser der Sphäre der Endliohkeit auch irgendein"Unendliches Ist" gibt, das jegliche Afirmation und jegliche Negation überschreitet und die unbeschreibliche Schöpferkraft /posse ipsum/ - die Domäne der negativen Theologie darstellt. Überraschend erwies sich der Umstand, dass gerade im Horizont dieser Theologie heutzutage gewisse physikalische Theorien angeordnet sind /z.B. die Theorie des physikalischen Vakuums/, was den nicht allzu lange zurückliegenden Radikalismus in der Gegenüberstellung von exakten Wissenschaften und Metaphysik in Frage stellt.Jedes vom Menschen geschaffene Weltbild enthält unumgänglich einen menschlichen Faktor und ist in gewisser Weise ein Reflex des menschlichen Seins-in-der-Welt. Der Einheitlichkeit und der Verschiedenheit dieses Seins entspricht die Kongenialität verschiedener Begriffsstrukturen, deren wir uns bei der Erkennung der objektiven Wirklichkeit bedienen. Daher ist auch die Metaphysik und die theoretische Physik insoweit nicht gegensätzlich sondern komplementär: sie verbinden sich in der "Tiefenstruktur" der menschlichen Gedanken und erst in der Verknüpfung geben sie in gewissem Masse ein umfassendes Weltbild.Die Metaphysik hörte also nicht auf, eine Herausforderung für den menschlichen Intellekt zu sein und, obwohl von diesem heutzutage "metaphysische Bescheidenheit” verlangt wird, entledigte er sich trotz allem nicht metaphysischen Erwartungen und im Grunde ist ihm ein "metaphysisches Schweigen" fremd.
|
|
|
12.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Zygmunt Hajduk
Zygmunt Hajduk
An Interrogative Theory of Scientific Inquiry. Part I
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The recent return of philosophers to the context of discovery or to problems concerning the rational conduct of inquiry has also spawned an interest in the concept of a problem in empirical science. In connection with this, a new program of the methodology of science is proposed, a program based on an interrogative theory of scientific inquiry* Ideas for this theory were stimulated, from the recon- stuctionistic point of view, by some logical conceptions, regarding the theory of questions, improved by epistemic, imperative or optative operators* Relevant to this analysis are some versions of ero- tetic logic, developed mainly by L. Aqvist, N* Belnap, T. Steel, C.L. Hamblin, D. Harrah, T. Kubiński. Attempts are made to apply this analysis of questions to empirical sciences. In dealing with problems of scientific inquiry in conceptual framework of erotetic logic we have in mind especially standpoints of the following authors: M.Bunge, J. Hintikka, I. Niiniluoto, A.I. Goldman. S. Bromberger, Th.Nic- kles, S.A. Kleiner. The aim of this article is a relatively comprehensive discussion of these standpoints in terms of logic, methodology and epistemology.
|
|
|
13.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Adam Jonkisz
Adam Jonkisz
Ist L. Laudans Fortschrittstheorie progressiv?
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
Das Ziel der Betrachtungen ist eine Beurteilung der von L. Lau- dan vorgeschlagenen Theorie des Fortschritts. Wir stellen sie auf dem Hintergrund der Konzeptionen von K. Popper, I.S. Kuhn und I. Lakatos vor und wollen sehen, ob sie in der allgemeinen Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung einen Fortschritt bedeutet. Wir halten Lau- dans Konzeption für besser als die vorherigen und wollen prftfen, wie es sich mit ihrer Progressivität im Lichte dieser Konzeption selbst verhält. Dazu muss klargestellt werden, ob diese Theorie die mit dem Fortschritt verbundenen Fragen effektiver und auf einfachere Weise löst. Wir zeigen, dass das tatsächlich so ist, und liefern gleichzeitig ein Beispiel für die Anwendung der Konzeption Laudans auf dem Gebiet der Metawissenschaft.Dem prinzipiellen Teil der Betrachtungen vorangestellt sind allgemeine Bemerkungen zum Begriff des PorosahELtts. Im Schlussteil des Artikels verweisen wir auf Modifikationen, die Laudans Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung verbessern konnten.
|
|
|
14.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Józef Turek
Józef Turek
Die thomistische Erfassung der zeitlichen Unendlichkeit des Weltalls und die zeitgenössische Kosmologie
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
Der Artikel stellt sich das Ziel, die vom hl. Thomas von Aquin vorgeschlagenen Lösungen in der Präge der zeitlichen Endlichkeit oder Unendlichkeit des Weltalls aufzuzeigen und sie mit den Errungenschaften der zeitgenössischen relativistischen Kosmologie zu konfrontieren. Vorgestellt wurden daher die interessanten Vorschläge des hl. Thomas in dieser Angelegenheit sowie das Problem der sog. Anfangssingularität.Die getätigten Vergleiche zeigen, dass zwischen ihnen keine wechselseitigen Gegensätze bestehen, sondern eher gewisse Ergänzungen Vorkommen, die einen ganzheitlicheren Bliok auf das Problem des zeitlichen Beginns des Weltalls ermöglichen. In diesem Bereich kann man also von einer Aktualität der thomistischen Lösungen und von ihrer Offenheit für die Ergebnisse der Naturwissenschaften sprechen.
|
|
|
15.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Henryk Piersa
Henryk Piersa
Non-continuous Symmetries of Space and Time
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The article is devoted to the characterizing of the inversions of space and time, and to the problem of the particle-antiparticle symmetry, which is closely related to them. For the two first cases of symmetry, two operators I and It are introduced separately. They affect the radius-vector, r, and time, t, respectively, and define these symmetries, as well. The operators P and T are also introduced, which act on the physical functions /physical laws included/ of space and time, treated here as independent variables.Next, some rules of the transformation of various physical objects as a result of the application of these operators, the conditions for p and T -invariance of the lawa of physios, as well as the procedure of demonstration of such invariance are given.The discussion of the problem whether these symmetries are characteristic of time, space, and space-time on various levels of reality /macroscopic, atomic and subatomic one/ had to be also paid attention. This, in turn, led the author to the examining of the olaim that space and time may be quantized on the subatomio level. Finally, the question whether p and T-invariance of the laws of physics is their intrinsic propriety, or rather a postulate, put forward when the laws and theories of are formulated, is dealt with.
|
|
|
16.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Marian Wnuk
Marian Wnuk
Możliwość występowania krzemoporfiryn w organizmach żywych /streszcz./
abstract |
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
The problem of the possible occurrence of silicon porphyrins in the living organisms has been put forward in the context of the hypothesis of siliceous life forms and the study of the molecular evolution of porphyrin systems. Some properties of the tetrapyrrole complexes of silicon as well as essential data and theories from domains of silicon biochemistry and paleobiochemistry have been reviewed.This has been a basis for doing some extrapolations and showing connections with bioelectronics, whereas some possible functions of hypothetical Si-porphyrins in biostructures, e.g. catalytic ones, have been shown. In the bioplasma concept, a possible use of Si-tetrapyrrole complexes as a model useful in the study of the plasma mechanism of enzymatic catalysis has been proposed, and a role of silicon analogues of chlorophyll-like compounds in primordial photosynthesis has been suggested.
Celem niniejszego artykułu było wstępne opracowanie problemu występowania kr zemoporf iryn w organizmach żywych. Problem ten powstał w kontekście teorii krzemowych form protożycia i zagadnienia molekularnej ewolucji układów porfirynowych. Dokonano tu przeglądu niektórych własności krzemowych komplektów czteropirolowych oraz istotnych danych i teorii z zakresu biochemii i paleobiochemii krzemu, co było podstawą do ekstrapolacji i ukazania związków z bioelektroniką. Wskazano na możliwe funkcje hipotetycznych Si-porfiryn w biostrukturach, np. katalityczne. W kontekście teorii bioplazmy zaproponowano możliwość potraktowania kompleksów Si-czteropirolowych jako modelu do opracowania tzw. plazmowego mechanizmu katalizy enzymatycznej.Aczkolwiek na temat porfiryn i ich pochodnych jest wiele tysięcy artykułów, to niestety na temat krzemoporfiryn jest ich zaledwie tylko kilka. Postulować więc należy przede wszystkim zsyntetyzowanie tego typu związków czteropirol owych, jak hemy, syrohemy, chlorofile, bakteriochlorofile, korynoidy, oraz przebadanie ich podstawowych własności: fotoemisyjnych, fotoabsorpcyjnych, przewodnictwa elektronowego itp. Dodać należy, że analogiczne zagadnienie dotyczy prawdopodobnie również hipotetycznego występowania i glinoporfiryn.W przekonaniu autora wyjaśnienie tego problemu, którego próbę opracowania tu zaprezentowano, może mieć istotne znaczenie dla paleo- biochemicznych i paleobiofizycznych aspektów badań abiogenezy i.pochodzenia procesów bioenergetycznych.
|
|
|
17.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Józef E. Zon
Józef E. Zon
Bioelectronics
abstract |
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
Bioeleotronics is a branch of science of bioelectricity dealing with biological systems and life processes from the angle of either physical or applied electronics with an Im to describe the electronic properties of biosystems and to establish their role in physiological phenomena, including the coupling that exists between the biological systems and their environment. Quantum biochemistry, physics of biological solid stat e,and the studies in the dependence of organisms on the external factors which may be realized with the involvement of the electronic features of biostructures have been the three domains mainly contributing to the bioelectronic research. Because of the difficulties stemming from the complexity of organisms as well as from the lack of methodological and semantical studies, bio- electronics as a whole seems presently to be in a phase of slowing down its development. This does not hold true, however, as far as the development of biomicroe- lectronios a new subdomain in bioelectronics, is concerned. In fact, this biology-oriented counterpart of molecular electronics has been inherent in most of the bioelectronic studies since the very beginning of this discipline.
Bioeleotronics is a branch of science of bioelectricity dealing with biological systems and life processes from the angle of either physical or applied electronics with an Im to describe the electronic properties of biosystems and to establish their role in physiological phenomena, including the coupling that exists between the biological systems and their environment. Quantum biochemistry, physics of biological solid stat e,and the studies in the dependence of organisms on the external factors which may be realized with the involvement of the electronic features of biostructures have been the three domains mainly contributing to the bioelectronic research. Because of the difficulties stemming from the complexity of organisms as well as from the lack of methodological and semantical studies, bio- electronics as a whole seems presently to be in a phase of slowing down its development. This does not hold true, however, as far as the development of biomicroe- lectronios a new subdomain in bioelectronics, is concerned. In fact, this biology-oriented counterpart of molecular electronics has been inherent in most of the bioelectronic studies since the very beginning of this discipline.
|
|
|
18.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Włodzimierz Sedlak
Krzem - pierwiastek młodości
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
|
|
|
|
19.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Krystyna Szpanbruker
Krystyna Szpanbruker
Entwicklungsstorungen von Pflanzen durch Verunreinigung der Atmosphare mit Zementstaub
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
In der Arbeit wurde das Problem der Verunreinigung der Atmosphäre durch Zementstaub berührt. Ungefähr 15t5% der atmosphärischen Verunreinigungen sind Zementstaub. Wenn sich auch die Staubverunreinigungen im Vergleich zu den Gasverunreinigungen nicht durch einen sehr breiten Bereich auszeichnen, so üben sie an den Stätten der Emission dieses Staubes sowie in der nahen Umgebung einen ungünstigen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung und das Wachstum der Pflanzen aus. Sie rufen makroskopische Veränderungen in Form von Nekrosen und mikroskopische in Gestalt pathologischer Veränderungen in den Zellen hervor* Die für die Photosynthese verantwortlichen Organellen /Chloroplasten/ werden deformiert, was in Störungen des Prozesses der Synthese organischer Verbindungen bemerkbar wird. Die Pflanzen sterben ab oder weisen bei schwacher Auswirkung der Verunreinigung einen schwachen bzw. zwerghaften Wuchs auf. Der Zementstaub bewirkt nicht nur mechanische Verletzungen, sondern wirkt sich auch chemisch aus, weil in ihm freies Kalziumoxid enthalten ist, das mit Wasser zum stark ätzenden Kalziumhydroxid reagiert. Das in biologischer Hinsicht nicht vollwertige Pflanzenfutter, das in den verunreinigten Gebieten produziert wird, bildet für die Tiere auch deshalb ein fast unbrauchbares Futter, weil es an der Oberfläche viel Staub enthält, der im Verdauungskanal die Verdauungssäfte blockiert.
|
|
|
20.
|
Roczniki Filozoficzne:
Volume >
34 >
Issue: 3
Henryk Skrzypek
Henryk Skrzypek
Der Einfluss der Verunreinigung des Bodens durch Pestizide auf entomophile Fadenwurmer
view |
rights & permissions
| cited by
Unter Laborbedingungen wurde der Einfluss einiger in der Landwirtschaft angewandter Pestizide auf Invasionslarven der entomophi- len Fadenwürmer Heterorhabditis bacteriophora und Steinernema feltiae untersucht. Die Invasionslarven sind das einzige im Boden frei lebende Entwicklungsstadium dieser Fadenwürmer und gleichzeitig die Invasionsform.Es wurde festgestellt, dass für die Larven von H. bacteriophora folgende Pestizide am toxischsten sind? Hostaquick, Lebaycyd, Anthio und Phosphoohlor. In Konzentrationen von 1 und 0,1% bewirken sie ii- hren 100%-igen Tod.Zu den weniger toxischen Präparaten gehören: Ba- sudin, Sadufos, Bi-58EC, Zolone und Rospin, Sie verursachen in der Konzentration von 1% einen über 50%-igen Tod der Invasionslarven.Als am wenigsten schädliche Substanz erwies sich Tiodan, das in 1%-iger Konzentration nur etwa 55% der Larven tötete.Sehr toxische Präparate sind für die Invasionslarven S. feltiae Phosphochlor und Anthio, aber in 1%-iger Konzentration rufen sie keinen 100%-igen Tod hervor. Dagegen starben in der 1%-igen Lösung von Bi-58EC und Sadofos über 50% der Larven von S. feltiae.Die Kenntnis der Empfindlichkeit der Invasionslarven entomophiler Fadenwürmer für in der Landwirtschaft angewandte Präparate ist wichtig im Umweltschutz und in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis, da diese Fadenwürmer die Populationen vieler Insekten zahlenmässig reduzieren. Darüber hinaus zeigte es sich, dass sie im Pflanzenschutz zur Vernichtung vieler in der Landwirtschaft schädlicher Insekten benutzt werden können, ohne dabei wesentliche Veränderungen in der Umwelt zu verursachen. Und was das Wichtigste ist: sie sind für den Menschen ungefährlich.
|
|
|